Blood: Type, Definition,Composition, Functions, Components

Blood is a vital fluid that circulates throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products. It plays a key role in maintaining bodily functions, including immune defence and regulation of temperature. Blood is an important part of Biology major chapters and carries good weight in exams.

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This Story also Contains

1. What Is Blood?
2. Components Of Blood
3. Types Of Blood Cells
4. Blood Vessels
5. Arteries
6. Veins
7. Capillaries
8. Functions Of Blood
9. Transport
10. Regulation
11. Blood Conditions
12. Importance of Blood
13. Blood Formation
14. Haematology
15. Tips, Tricks, and Strategies for Blood
16. Recommended video on Blood

What Is Blood?

Blood is a fluid, very special, that courses in the arteries and veins throughout the body, carrying along every cell and tissue's requirements, from oxygen and nutrients to metabolic wastes. Its part in homeostasis assists in carrying on all functions in the body.

Components Of Blood

About 55% of the blood consists of plasma with different types of cells. They perform particular roles, and these roles help in running the human body.

Plasma makes up roughly 55% of the volume of blood. It is a fluid medium through which substances circulate. It comprises water, electrolytes, proteins, including albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, hormones, and waste products.

Types Of Blood Cells

The types of blood cells are listed below-

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

They are disc-shaped cells, nucleated, and have haemoglobin, which enables them to carry oxygen from the lungs to various tissues in the body. They also help transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

WBCs represent one of the most important components of immunity and carry out host defence against various attacking infections. Major types of WBCs include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Each subset performs different functions related to the immune response.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Platelets are described as small, irregular cell fragments playing a crucial role in hemostasis. When a blood vessel is injured, platelets are first to adhere to the damaged site. Various substances, known as clotting factors are released which activate other platelets. This whole activation mechanism results in platelet plugs, for sealing small breaks in the walls of the blood vessels, hence decreasing outliers of bleeding.

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels are the channels or conduits, through which blood is distributed to all the parts of the body from the heart, and back to the heart.

Arteries

Arteries distribute blood from the heart to various regions in the body, and they are thick and muscular to withstand high pressure as blood is being pumped from the heart.

Veins

Veins return blood from different body organs back to the heart; they have thinner walls compared to arteries and have valves that prevent backflow of the blood, thus returning blood.

Capillaries

Capillaries are microscopic, thin-containing vessels in which gas exchange and nutrient exchange occur between blood and tissues; they connect arteries to veins and allow the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste materials.

Functions Of Blood

Blood performs several critical functions necessary to maintain health and homeostasis.

Transport

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide: Red blood cells take up oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and in an exchange manner get out with carbon dioxide from the tissues and back to the lungs to be exhaled.

Nutrients And Waste Products

Nutrient absorptions by the digestive system are transported by the blood into the different cells of the body, while metabolic waste from cell activities is carried to places such as the kidneys for excretion.

Hormones

The blood distributes hormones that are secreted from endocrine glands to target organs/tissues, which regulate many of the body's physiological processes.

Regulation

Blood regulation is explained below-

Temperature:

By transport and re-distribution of heat generated from metabolically active tissues to the skin surface blood aids in the elimination of body heat.

pH Balance:

Blood behaves as a buffer regulating the hydrogen ion concentration, thus stabilizing pH to very narrow limits, optimal for the functioning of enzymes and other cellular actions.

Fluid Balance:

Blood maintains the fluid balance in the body through the exchange of water and electrolytes between the blood and tissues.

Immune Response:

The white blood cells and antibodies contained in blood protect the body from infections; it identifies the pathogen and kills it.

Blood Clotting:

Platelets and clotting factors in blood form clots, which seal off the vessel, if injured, preventing a profuse loss of blood from the body.

Blood Conditions

Haemorrhage (bleeding): It may be evident when blood leaks from blood vessels, such as when a cut breaks through the skin. Internal bleeding, such as that which occurs after a car accident or into the intestines, may not be immediately noticeable.

Leukaemia: A type of blood cancer in which the white blood cells circulate through the blood and grow abnormally. The aberrant white blood cells make infection-related illnesses more common than usual.

Lymphoma: A type of blood cancer in which organs such as lymph nodes and other tissues become inappropriately colonised by white blood cells. Organ failure may eventually result from growing tissues and disruption of blood functions.

Hemochromatosis: A condition where the blood has high quantities of iron. Diabetes and difficulties with the liver are brought on by iron buildup in the pancreas, liver, and other organs.

Sickle cell disease: Red blood cells that periodically lose their correct form due to a hereditary issue (appearing like sickles rather than discs). Blood cells with abnormal shapes collect in tissues, harming organs and producing discomfort.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): An unregulated process that causes bleeding and clotting to occur simultaneously in tiny blood vessels. Cancer or serious infections are the usual causes of DIC.

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that commonly occurs in a deep vein in the leg. Due to the possibility that they could become dislodged and move to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism, DVTs are risky (PE).

Myocardial infarction (MI): When a blood clot develops unexpectedly in one of the coronary arteries that provide blood to the heart, a myocardial infarction, often known as a heart attack, occurs.

Importance of Blood

All of the body's components can continue to function by receiving oxygen and nutrition through the blood. The lungs, kidneys, and digestive system use the blood to transport carbon dioxide and other waste products for elimination from the body. Additionally, blood distributes hormones throughout the body and fights infections.

Blood Formation

• The process through which the blood's formed components are created is known as hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis). The epiphyses of flat bones (such as the ribs and cranial bones), long bones (such as the humerus and femur), vertebrae, and the pelvis are where hemopoiesis occurs. Hemocytoblasts, which are hemopoietic stem cells, divide in the red bone marrow to create several types of "blast" cells. Each of these cells develops into a distinct developed element.

• The production of erythrocytes, or erythropoiesis, starts with the development of proerythroblasts from hemopoietic stem cells. Several phases of development occur for three to five days as ribosomes multiply and haemoglobin is produced.

• Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), which are hormones made by mature white blood cells, encourage leukopoiesis, the process of creating leukocytes. The division of the hemopoietic stem cells initiates the creation of each kind of white blood cell.

• Megakaryoblasts, which are the precursors of thrombopoiesis, the production of platelets, are created from hematopoietic stem cells. Megakaryocytes, which are enormous cells with a massive, multilobed nucleus, are created when megakaryoblasts divide without cytokinesis. The plasma membrane then infolds into the cytoplasm, causing the megakaryocytes to split into pieces.

Haematology

The field of medicine known as haematology, or haematology in British English, is devoted to the research of blood-related disorders, including their causes, prognoses, treatments, and prevention. It entails treating conditions that have an impact on the development of blood and its constituent parts, including blood cells, haemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood arteries, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. These conditions may include leukaemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, blood clots (thrombus), various bleeding disorders, and haemophilia. Medical technologists or medical laboratory scientists typically do the laboratory analysis of blood.

Tips, Tricks, and Strategies for Blood

It takes effort to remember everything in a single go. We made the entire problem easy. Some of the tricks regarding Blood are given below which you can use to memorise the important points.

Components of Blood "PRWP: Plasma, Red, White, Platelets"

• P: Plasma (liquid portion, carries nutrients, hormones)

• R: Red Blood Cells (transport oxygen using haemoglobin)

• W: White Blood Cells (fight infections and pathogens)

• P: Platelets (help in clotting, prevent excessive bleeding)

Blood Types "ABORh: A, B, O, Rh factor"

• A: Type A (A antigens, anti-B antibodies)

• B: Type B (B antigens, anti-A antibodies)

• O: Type O (no antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies)

• Rh: Rh Factor (+ or − determines positive or negative blood type)

Blood Functions "RTIP: Respiration, Transport, Immunity, Protection"

• R: Respiration (transports oxygen to tissues, removes CO2)

• T: Transport (carries nutrients, waste, and hormones)

• I: Immunity (WBCs defend against pathogens)

• P: Protection (prevents blood loss through clotting, fights infections)

Blood Circulation "HAAC: Heart, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries"

• H: Heart (pumps blood)

• A: Arteries (carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart)

• A: Arterioles (smaller branches of arteries)

• C: Capillaries (site of nutrient and gas exchange)

Blood Disorders "AAHL: Anemia, Atherosclerosis, Hemophilia, Leukemia"

• A: Anemia (low red blood cell count or haemoglobin)

• A: Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries)

• H: Hemophilia (blood clotting disorder)

• L: Leukemia (cancer of blood-forming tissues)

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