• Engineering and Architecture
  • Management and Business Administration
  • Medicine and Allied Sciences
  • Law
  • Animation and Design
  • Media, Mass Communication and Journalism
  • Finance & Accounts
  • Computer Application and IT
  • Pharmacy
  • Hospitality and Tourism
  • Competition
  • School
  • Study Abroad
  • Arts, Commerce & Sciences
  • Learn
  • Online Courses and Certifications
Cell Cycle: Definition, Phases, Examples, Diagram, Functions, structure

Cell Cycle: Definition, Phases, Examples, Diagram, Functions, structure

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Jul 02, 2025 05:56 PM IST

The cell cycle is a step-by-step process by which a cell grows and divides to give rise to two daughter cells. This is important in an organism's growth, development, and repair. The major steps involved in the cell cycle include the interphase and mitotic phase. Other steps include G1, S, and G2 phases found in interphase. Cell cycle is a topic of the chapter Cell Cycle and Cell Division in Biology. This article includes cell cycle and cell division definition, phases, diagram and notes.

This Story also Contains
  1. What is a Cell Cycle?
  2. Different Phases of Cell Cycle
  3. Cell Cycle and its Regulation
  4. Tips, Tricks and Strategies to Prepare Cell Cycle for Exams
  5. Recommended Video for Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle: Definition, Phases, Examples, Diagram, Functions, structure
Cell Cycle: Definition, Phases, Examples, Diagram, Functions, structure

What is a Cell Cycle?

Cell cycle definition refers to a process in which one cell develops and divides into two daughter cells. It is divided into four phases namely G1, S, G2, and M.

  • G1 Phase: The cells grow as well as perform all their normal activities.
  • S Phase: Chromosomes replicate.
  • G2 Phase: The cell grows further and checks if it's ready for division.
  • M Phase or Mitosis: The cell divides its chromosomes and cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells.

Regulating the cell cycle is very important in ensuring that an organism in general grows, develops, and maintains health.

Cell division definition is the process by which a cell splits into two identical daughter cells, enabling growth, repair, and reproduction.

Also Read:

Different Phases of Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a biological process with fundamental activity in the growth and division of cells. It consists of a series of well-defined phases that allow for the precise duplication and distribution of the cell's genetic material into two daughter cells. These phases involve interphase, in which the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase, in which the cell divides. The proper regulation of cell division phases is important for developmental work, tissue repair, and the maintenance of genetic stability in organisms.

Interphase

  • Cells spend most of their time in interphase.

  • Cell performs its usual functions during this time.

  • In interphase cell grows in size and prepares itself for the next division.

  • Interphase is the most active phase of the cell cycle.

  • The interphase lasts more than 95% of the duration of the cell cycle.

  • It was earlier regarded as a resting phase because the metabolic activities performed by the cell were not visible under a microscope.

NEET Highest Scoring Chapters & Topics
Know Most Scoring Concepts in NEET 2024 Based on Previous Year Analysis.
Know More

Howard and Pelc classified interphase into three sub-stages:

G1 - phase (First Gap phase)

  • The cell increases in size, doubles its organelles (such as mitochondria and ribosomes), and accumulates materials that will be used for DNA synthesis.
  • Cells are constantly performing their normal daily functions, including communicating with other cells, secreting substances, and carrying out cellular respiration.

S - phase (DNA synthesis phase)

  • At the beginning of the S stage, each chromosome is composed of one DNA double helix.
  • Following DNA replication, each chromosome is composed of two identical DNA double helix molecules.
  • Each double helix is called a chromatid.

G2 - phase (Second Gap phase)

  • At this stage, the proteins that will be helpful during the cell division are synthesised.
  • For example, proteins that form microtubules will be synthesised.

DNA replication

M Phase

The M phase, or mitotic phase, is the important part of the cell cycle in which the cell undergoes division to give two genetically identical daughter cells. It comprises two central processes:

Mitosis

Mitosis is also called the equational division (because the daughter cells have an equal number of chromosomes as that of parents) and somatic cell division (because it occurs in somatic cells). Mitosis was first observed by Strasburger in 1875. The term mitosis was given by Fleming in 1882.

Different Stages of Mitosis are:

Prophase

  • During this stage the chromatin condenses and the chromosomes are visible.
  • The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope fragments.
  • With the disappearance of the nuclear membrane, the centrioles migrate to the opposite end and the spindle formation occurs.
  • During late prophase or prometaphase, kinetochores appear on each side of the centromere.
  • The sister chromatids are attached to the so-called kinetochore spindle fibres with the help of the kinetochore.

Metaphase

  • Chromosomes become fully condensed and distinct.
  • Chromosomes move towards the equatorial plane of spindles or metaphase plates.
  • Chromosomes are arranged with their arms directed towards the pole and centromere towards the equator.

Anaphase

  • The centromere splits and the two chromatids of the duplicated chromosomes separate from each other.
  • Each chromatid now becomes a daughter chromosome.
  • Daughter chromosomes, each with a centromere and single chromatid appear to move toward opposite poles.
  • Anaphase is the shortest phase of mitosis.

Telophase

  • During this phase, the spindle disappears and new nuclear envelopes develop around the daughter chromosomes.
  • Each daughter nucleus contains the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
  • The chromosomes become diffuse chromatin and nucleolus reappears.
  • It is followed by the division of the cytoplasm.

Cell Cycle Diagram

Stages of Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Finally, in the cell cycle and at the end of mitosis, cytokinesis is the process by which the cytoplasm of the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis begins with the formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells, in which a contractile ring forms just beneath the cell membrane and consists of actin filaments. As this furrow deepens, it will pinch the parent cell completely, dividing it into two cells with a nucleus in each.

Cytokinesis

  • In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of the cleavage furrow.

  • The cleavage furrow represents the indentation of the membrane between the two daughter nuclei.

  • A band of actin filament called the contractile ring starts to form the circular constriction between the two daughter nuclei.

  • Due to the action of the contractile ring, the furrow deepens continuously and ultimately a cell divides into two daughter cells.

  • Cytokinesis in the animal cell occurs centripetally, that is, from the periphery to the centre

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

  • In plant cells, the presence of a rigid cell wall prevents the furrow formation.

  • Therefore, in plant cells, a new cell wall is formed between the daughter nuclei to complete the cytokinesis.

  • Many Golgi vesicles and spindle microtubules arrange themselves on the equator to form phragmoplasts.

  • The membrane of Golgi vesicles fuses to form a plate-like structure called a cell plate.

  • Golgi vesicles secrete calcium and magnesium pectate.

  • The further cell plate is modified into the middle lamella.

  • In plants, cytokinesis occurs in centrifugal order (cell plate formation is from the centre to the periphery).

Cytokinesis provides that each daughter cell receives a complete set of organelles and cytoplasm; thus, the cell cycle is completed, and two daughter cells become produced one genetically identical to the other.

Cell Cycle and its Regulation

  • The regulation of the cell cycle is important so that faulty or compromised cells cannot divide.

  • There can be a mutation during DNA replication and other events of the cell cycle.

  • Therefore, there are checkpoints in the cell cycle that would check for errors stop the cell cycle if there is any fault and allow the cell cycle to continue if there is no fault.

  • There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint and M checkpoint.

Tips, Tricks and Strategies to Prepare Cell Cycle for Exams

Here are some tricks to study cell cycle for exams:

Phases of the Cell Cycle

Mnemonic: "I Prefer Mitosis"

  • I - Interphase (G1, S, G2)
  • P - Prophase
  • M - Metaphase
  • I - Anaphase
  • T - Telophase
  • O - Cytokinesis

Subphases of Interphase

Mnemonic: "G1 is So Great!"

  • G1 - Gap 1 Phase (cell growth)
  • S - Synthesis Phase (DNA replication)
  • G2 - Gap 2 Phase (preparation for mitosis)

Order of the Phases

Mnemonic: "IPMATC"

  • I - Interphase
  • P - Prophase
  • M - Metaphase
  • A - Anaphase
  • T - Telophase
  • C - Cytokinesis

Key Events in Each Phase

Mnemonic: "Penny Makes A Terrific Coin"

  • P - Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • M - Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equatorial plane
  • A - Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate
  • T - Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform
  • C - Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mnemonic: "MITOSIS Makes Identical Twins, MEIOSIS Makes Unique Samples"

  • M - Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells
  • M - Meiosis: Produces four unique gametes

Also Read:

Meiosis IMeiosis II
Difference Between Mitosis and MeiosisDifference Between Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells

Recommended Video for Cell Cycle

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the purpose of the cell cycle?

This is to ensure that a cell grows, repairs or reproduces itself accurately.

2. What do you understand by cell cycle?

The cell cycle is the series of events that cells undergo as they grow and divide. It includes phases such as interphase and mitosis, ensuring accurate replication and distribution of genetic material.

3. How is the cell cycle regulated?

 Checkpoints, cyclin-dependent kinases, and cyclins modulate the cell cycle at multiple stages.

4. What are the four major stages of mitosis?

The four major stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

5. What happens if the cell cycle is not properly regulated?

If the cell cycle is not well controlled, cells can grow uncontrollably and lead to the formation of diseases such as cancer.

6. Cell cycle was discovered by?

The cell cycle was discovered and clarified through key contributions by scientists Leland H. Hartwell, Paul M. Nurse, and Tim Hunt, who identified crucial regulatory molecules and won the Nobel Prize in 2001 for their work.

7. How does the cell cycle differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have a simpler cell cycle, typically involving DNA replication followed by cell division (binary fission). Eukaryotes have a more complex cycle with distinct phases (G1, S, G2, and M) and checkpoints. Eukaryotic cells also undergo mitosis or meiosis, while prokaryotes do not have these processes.
8. How does the G2 phase prepare the cell for mitosis?
The G2 (Gap 2) phase prepares the cell for mitosis by:
9. What are checkpoints in the cell cycle and why are they important?
Checkpoints are control mechanisms that ensure the cell cycle progresses correctly. They occur at critical points in the cycle (G1/S, G2/M, and metaphase-anaphase transition) and can halt the cycle if problems are detected. Checkpoints are important for preventing the propagation of genetic errors and maintaining genomic stability.
10. How do cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate the cell cycle?
Cyclins and CDKs work together as regulatory proteins. Cyclin levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle, while CDK levels remain constant. When a cyclin binds to its corresponding CDK, it activates the CDK, which then phosphorylates target proteins to trigger specific cell cycle events. This system ensures proper timing and progression of the cell cycle.
11. What is the significance of the restriction point in the G1 phase?
The restriction point is a critical checkpoint in the G1 phase where the cell "decides" whether to commit to the cell cycle or enter a quiescent state (G0). Once past this point, the cell is committed to completing the cycle. This decision is based on factors like cell size, nutrient availability, and growth factor signals, ensuring that division only occurs under favorable conditions.
12. What are the main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
The main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle are:
13. Why is the G1 phase called the "growth phase"?
The G1 (Gap 1) phase is called the growth phase because during this time, the cell increases in size and synthesizes new proteins and organelles. It's a period of intense metabolic activity where the cell prepares for DNA replication in the subsequent S phase. The duration of G1 can vary greatly depending on cell type and environmental conditions.
14. What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
During the S (Synthesis) phase, DNA replication occurs. The cell's entire genome is duplicated, resulting in two identical sets of chromosomes. This process ensures that each daughter cell will receive a complete set of genetic information after cell division. Additionally, centrosomes are duplicated during this phase in animal cells.
15. What are the stages of mitosis and what occurs in each?
The stages of mitosis are:
16. How does cytokinesis differ between animal and plant cells?
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through a process called cleavage, where the cell membrane pinches inward to form a cleavage furrow that eventually separates the two daughter cells. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate at the center of the cell, which grows outward to form a new cell wall between the daughter cells.
17. What is the role of p53 in the cell cycle?
p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability. It can halt the cell cycle in response to DNA damage or other cellular stresses, allowing time for repair or triggering apoptosis if the damage is too severe. p53 acts as a transcription factor, regulating genes involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis.
18. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the cell cycle?
Mitosis is part of the normal cell cycle and produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a specialized form of cell division that produces four genetically diverse haploid cells, typically for sexual reproduction. Meiosis involves two rounds of division and includes processes like genetic recombination, which are not part of the standard mitotic cell cycle.
19. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of cell cycle regulation?
Cancer cells often have alterations in cell cycle regulation that lead to uncontrolled division. These can include:
20. What is the significance of telomeres in the cell cycle?
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation and fusion. With each cell division, telomeres shorten slightly. When telomeres become critically short, cells typically enter senescence or undergo apoptosis. This mechanism limits the number of times a cell can divide, acting as a natural "clock" for cellular aging and a tumor suppressor mechanism.
21. How does contact inhibition affect the cell cycle in multicellular organisms?
Contact inhibition is a process where normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with neighboring cells. This mechanism helps maintain proper tissue organization and prevents overgrowth. When contact inhibition is lost, as in cancer cells, uncontrolled cell division can occur, leading to tumor formation.
22. What is the cell cycle and why is it important?
The cell cycle is the series of events that a cell goes through from its formation to its division into two daughter cells. It's crucial for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms, and for reproduction in unicellular organisms. The cell cycle ensures genetic continuity and allows organisms to grow and maintain their tissues.
23. What is the G0 phase and how does it relate to the cell cycle?
The G0 phase is a quiescent state where cells have exited the cell cycle and are not actively preparing to divide. Cells in G0 can remain metabolically active but do not progress through the cycle. Some cells, like neurons, may remain in G0 indefinitely, while others can re-enter the cycle when stimulated by appropriate signals.
24. How does cell size regulation relate to the cell cycle?
Cell size regulation is closely linked to the cell cycle, particularly at the G1/S transition. Cells typically need to reach a critical size before committing to division. This ensures that daughter cells will be viable and have sufficient resources. The mechanisms for size sensing are not fully understood but may involve monitoring of protein synthesis rates, organelle numbers, or membrane surface area.
25. What is the relationship between cell differentiation and the cell cycle?
Cell differentiation often involves exit from the cell cycle into the G0 phase. As cells specialize, they typically reduce or cease division to focus on their specific functions. The balance between proliferation and differentiation is crucial in development and tissue homeostasis. Some differentiated cells retain the ability to re-enter the cycle when needed, while others become permanently post-mitotic.
26. How do viruses manipulate the host cell cycle?
Many viruses manipulate the host cell cycle to create an environment favorable for viral replication:
27. How do growth factors influence the cell cycle?
Growth factors are signaling molecules that stimulate cell growth and division. They bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering signaling cascades that promote progression through the cell cycle, particularly at the G1/S transition. Growth factors can influence gene expression, protein synthesis, and the activity of cell cycle regulators like cyclins and CDKs.
28. How does DNA damage affect the cell cycle?
DNA damage can trigger cell cycle arrest at various checkpoints, primarily the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints. This arrest allows time for DNA repair mechanisms to fix the damage. If repair is successful, the cell cycle can resume. If the damage is too severe, the cell may undergo apoptosis to prevent the propagation of genetic errors.
29. What is the role of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in the cell cycle?
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis plays a crucial role in cell cycle progression by targeting specific proteins for degradation at precise times. This process is particularly important for the irreversible transitions between cell cycle phases. For example, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) targets cyclins and other proteins for degradation, allowing the cell to exit mitosis and enter G1.
30. How do different cell types vary in their cell cycle duration and regulation?
Cell cycle duration and regulation can vary significantly between different cell types:
31. What is the spindle assembly checkpoint and why is it important?
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a mechanism that ensures all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle before anaphase begins. It prevents chromosome missegregation by delaying anaphase until all kinetochores are correctly attached to spindle microtubules. This checkpoint is crucial for maintaining genomic stability and preventing aneuploidy, a common feature of cancer cells.
32. How do environmental factors like temperature and nutrients affect the cell cycle?
Environmental factors can significantly influence the cell cycle:
33. What is the role of phosphorylation in cell cycle regulation?
Phosphorylation is a key mechanism in cell cycle regulation:
34. How does the cell cycle relate to apoptosis?
The cell cycle and apoptosis (programmed cell death) are closely linked:
35. What is the significance of cell cycle synchronization in research?
Cell cycle synchronization is a technique used to align the cell cycles of a population of cells. It's important in research because it allows:
36. How do plant hormones influence the cell cycle?
Plant hormones play crucial roles in regulating the cell cycle in plants:
37. What is the connection between the cell cycle and cellular metabolism?
The cell cycle and cellular metabolism are closely intertwined:
38. How does DNA replication licensing work in the cell cycle?
DNA replication licensing is a process that ensures DNA is replicated only once per cell cycle:
39. What is the role of the centrosome cycle in animal cell division?
The centrosome cycle is coordinated with the cell cycle in animal cells:
40. How do cells coordinate growth with cell cycle progression?
Cells coordinate growth with cell cycle progression through several mechanisms:
41. What is the significance of endoreplication in the cell cycle?
Endoreplication is a variant cell cycle where DNA replication occurs without cell division, resulting in polyploid cells:
42. How do microtubule dynamics change throughout the cell cycle?
Microtubule dynamics vary significantly across the cell cycle:

Also Read

Difference Between Mitosis And Meiosis: Overview, Diagram

02 Jul'25 05:59 PM

Meiosis ll : Reduction Cell Division: Stages & Diagram

02 Jul'25 05:59 PM

Meiosis I : Reductional Cell Division: Stages, Overview & Importance

02 Jul'25 05:59 PM

Mitosis - Equational Division: Stages, Overview & Importance

02 Jul'25 05:56 PM

Cell Cycle: Definition, Phases, Examples, Diagram, Functions, structure

02 Jul'25 05:56 PM

Cell Division: Definition, Stages, Diagram, Phases and FAQ

02 Jul'25 05:56 PM

Bacterial Cell Division: The Cycle of the Ring

02 Jul'25 05:12 PM

Articles

Popular Questions

Directions for question :

M/s Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, one of the top four audit and accounting firms in the world with headquarters at London, UK, and with an operational presence in 153 countries, hires Management Trainees (MT) from all the premier management institutes of India thrice every year, in the months of January, May and September.

Each new group of Management Trainees (MT) have to go through a four month rigorous training schedule, after which they have to pass through a test consisting of a written assessment and a case-analysis. The top hundred ranked Management Trainees (MT) based on the performance in the test are confirmed as Management Executives (ME). The rest are given the opportunity of undergoing the training for four months one more time along with the next batch of Management Trainees (MT) and then passing through the subsequent test consisting of the written assessment and case-analysis. The Management Trainee (MT) who fails to get confirmed as a Management Executive (ME) the second time is fired.

The scatter-graph below depicts the number of Management Trainees (MT) at Deloitte taking the tests from January 2020 till May 2022, and the vis-à-vis hired Management Trainees (MT) at Deloitte who were fired :

It is also known that for the month of September 2019 at Deloitte, 96 hired Management Trainees (MT) failed to be confirmed as a Management Executive (ME) the first time, and that 36 hired Management Trainees (MT) were fired. 

Question :

In which test did the minimum number of Management Trainees (MT) get confirmed as a Management Executive (ME) in the second attempt ?

Option: 1

September 2020

 

 


Option: 2

May 2021


Option: 3

January 2021

 


Option: 4

January 2022 


Read More

Directions for question:

Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'. 

They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared. 

They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders. 

On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. 

On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :

Question: 

Assuming that the next customer's order could only be attended to when the previous customer's order was closed, at what time would the first customer's order be considered closed ?

 

Option: 1

6.15 pm

 

 


Option: 2

6.17 pm

 


Option: 3

6.18 pm

 


Option: 4

6.20 pm


Read More

Directions for question :

Six sticks of equal lengths were kept in the vertical position in an empty flower-vase, to be arranged at the six corners of a regular hexagon. The two ends of each of the sticks were of different colours. 

The top ends of the sticks were one of each of the following colours – Red, Cyan, Pink, Brown, Black and Green. The bottom ends were one of each of the following colours – Blue, Yellow, White, Orange, Purple and Grey. Both the sets of colours mentioned were in no particular order.

It was also known that :

a) The stick with the red colour was opposite to the stick with the blue colour

b) There were exactly two sticks whose both ends had colours whose names started with the same letter

c) The stick with the grey colour was adjacent to the stick with the white colour

d) The stick with the cyan colour was adjacent to both the sticks with the brown colour and the one with the blue colour

e) The stick with the purple colour was adjacent to both the sticks with the grey colour and the one with the green colour

f) The stick with the white colour was opposite to the stick with the green colour

Question :

What was the colour of the bottom end of the stick having brown colour at the top end ?

Option: 1

 White 

 


Option: 2

Yellow 


Option: 3

Black

 


Option: 4

Grey


Read More

Directions for question:

Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'. 

They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared. 

They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders. 

On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. 

On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :

Question: 

Assuming that the next customer's order could only be attended to when the previous customer's order was closed, at what time would the third customer's order be considered closed ?

 

Option: 1

6.28 pm

 


Option: 2

6.35 pm

 


Option: 3

6.38 pm


Option: 4

6.45 pm


Read More

Directions for question:

Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'. 

They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared. 

They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders. 

On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. 

On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :

Question: 

Suppose Moloy and Niloy had decided to process multiple orders at the same time, however strictly prioritising a first come first serve basis, when would the second customer's order be considered closed ?

Option: 1

6.20 pm

 

 


Option: 2

6.18 pm


Option: 3

6.15 pm

 


Option: 4

6.12 pm


Read More

Directions for question:

Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'. 

They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared. 

They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders. 

On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. 

On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :

Question: 

Suppose Moloy and Niloy had decided to process multiple orders at the same time, however strictly prioritising a first come first serve basis, when would the third customer's order be considered closed ?

 

Option: 1

6.22 pm

 


Option: 2

6.25 pm


Option: 3

6.28 pm 


Option: 4

6.30 pm


Read More

Directions for question:

Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'. 

They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared. 

They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders. 

On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. 

On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :

Question: 

A fourth customer comes in and orders two plates of French Toast at 6.24 pm. Suppose Moloy and Niloy had decided to process multiple orders at the same time, however strictly prioritising a first come first serve basis. For exactly how many minutes would one of the friends be idle from 6.00 pm till serving the last customer, assuming that the four customers were the only ones to have come in within the period being discussed ?

Option: 1

9

 


Option: 2

13


Option: 3

18


Option: 4

21


Read More

Directions for question:

Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'. 

They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared. 

They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders. 

On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. 

On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :

Question: 

Had Niloy been absent on that day, and assuming that the next customer's order could only be attended to when the previous customer's order was closed, at what time would the fourth customer's order (refer to the previous question) be considered closed ?

Option: 1

6:38 pm

 


Option: 2

6:42 pm

 


Option: 3

6:47 pm


Option: 4

6:49 pm


Read More

Directions for question:

The bar-graph given below shows the foreign exchange reserves of Nepal (in million Rupees) from 2014 to 2021. Answer the following questions based on the graph :

Question:

What was the percentage increase (rounded to the nearest integer, if deemed necessary) in the foreign exchange reserves in 2020 over 2016 ?

Option: 1 None

Option: 2 None

Option: 3 None

Option: 4 None

Read More

Directions for question:

The Jadavpur University’s Prince Anwar Shah Road hostel consists of two large separate buildings, one for the ladies and the other for the gents, while having a common kitchen and dining hall. It is the hostel of the CS and the EEC department of engineering students of the university.

In recognition of the growing dissatisfaction and hence complaints among the inmates of the hostel regarding the menu served for dinner, the Dean of the engineering department, Dr Aparesh Sanyal, personally decided to investigate the matter. He set about collecting information about the preference of dinner among the inmates, separately from the gents and the ladies wing of the hostel.

Dr Sanyal was able to gather the following partial information :  

 

Hostel inmates

Menu preference for dinner

Total

Egg Meal

Fish Meal

Chicken Meal

Gents

    

20

  

Ladies

      

64

Total

  

60

    

 

The Warden of the hostel was consulted, who after investigation declared that the following facts were clear :

1. Forty percent of the hostel inmates were ladies

2. One-third of the gentlemen inmates preferred an egg meal for dinner

3. Half the hostel inmates preferred either fish meal or chicken meal

Question:

What proportion of the lady hostel inmates preferred a fish meal for dinner ?

 

 

Option: 1

0.25

 

 


Option: 2

0.50

 


Option: 3

0.75

 


Option: 4

1.00 


Read More
Back to top