Ctenophore: Definition, Classification, Types, Characteristics, Adaptations

Definition Of Ctenophora

Ctenophora, commonly referred to as comb jellies, is a phylum of marine invertebrates that are characterised by their quite distinct cilia-flagellar comb plates one finds for locomotion. These are gelatinous animals with radial symmetry and bioluminescence; therefore, they can produce dazzling light effects in the dark ocean. They are planktonic and occur in almost all marine environments, from surface waters to deep-sea regions.

Latest: NEET 2024 Paper Analysis and Answer Key 

Don't Miss: Most scoring concepts for NEET | NEET papers with solutions

New: NEET Syllabus 2025 for Physics, Chemistry, Biology

NEET Important PYQ & Solutions: Physics | Chemistry | Biology

This Story also Contains

1. Definition Of Ctenophora
2. Taxonomy And Classification
3. Morphology And Anatomy
4. Physiology And Behavior
5. Habitat And Distribution Of Ctenophora
6. Ecological Role Of Ctenophora

Taxonomy And Classification

Phylum Ctenophora of the Kingdom Animalia consists of multicellular, eukaryotic animals that represent a huge diversity of shapes of bodies and behaviour in aquatic life. Within the phylum, ctenophores are radially symmetrical with specialised features such as their characteristic comb-like structures called ciliary plates, which help to move them, making them different from other marine animals because of their transparent bodies and often brilliant bioluminescence.

The ctenophores are further divided into two broad classes: Tentaculata and Nuda.

The class Tentaculata includes species with tentacles that are further divided into orders like Cydippida, Lobata, Cestida, and Platyctenida, characterised by different body shapes and life strategies. The class Nuda, without tentacles, is mainly represented by the order Beroida. It illustrates the evolutionary relationships and ecological roles of the ctenophores community in marine ecosystems.

Morphology And Anatomy

• They are characterised by a body structure that mostly shows radial symmetry, which provides both effective movement and sensory perception in an aquatic environment.

• Most of them have a gelatinous and transparent body from which internal organs are visible.

• Their locomotion is mediated by comb plates, which are rows of cilia that compose coordinated wave-beating movements, thereby moving the animals through the water.

• These comb rows are responsible not only for propulsion but also for stunning light displays in some species.

Description Of Body Parts

• They are characterised by key anatomical features that facilitate survival and adopt predatory behaviours.

• A ctenophore's tentacles have adhesive cells called colloblasts at the oral end, which they use to capture prey—mainly small crustaceans and larvae.

• Then comes a simple digestive canal for food particles, with waste excreted outside through an anal pore.

• This basic digestive system reflects their evolution for the planktonic lifestyle.

• This is important in understanding their ecological roles and evolutionary relationships within marine ecosystems.

Bioluminescence

• Ctenophores are bioluminescent; this means they produce light through a chemical reaction involving the enzyme luciferase and the molecule luciferin.

• The event is important for both predation and defence by producing light flashes or waves.

• Bioluminescence will allow the ctenophore to attract prey by acting like several smaller organisms or even serve to startle potential prey into motion, making them easier to capture.

• It produces a huge flash of light that starts or confuses the attacker, allowing a ctenophore to escape from a predator.

• The bioluminescent ability reflects not only their ecological adaptation but also underlines the cosmic and crucial value of these organisms within marine food chains.

Physiology And Behavior

Ctenophores have unique physiological and behavioural features that clearly distinguish them from all other marine animals.

Feeding Mechanisms

• Generally, ctenophores exhibit feeding behaviour that is quite different from that of the other animals mentioned, often bearing variously modified species-specific adaptations based on their environment.

• First of all, it is known that ctenophores mainly capture plankton and small crustaceans using special sticky cells called colloblasts, which are located on their tentacles.

• In contrast to this, cnidarians use stinging cells called nematocysts, which can end up paralysing prey.

• Long, retractable tentacles of ctenophores sweep through the water and ensnare prey by carrying it to the mouth, and from there into the digestive canal.

Reproduction

• Ctenophores are simultaneous hermaphrodites, bearing both male and female sex organs.

• As a result, they reproduce both sexually and asexually, which is enough reason for their wide distribution in marine environments.

• Sexual reproduction mostly takes place where they emit gametes, usually in the water column.

• The larval stage is a cydippid; development from a cydippid into the adult form occurs relatively slowly.

• Other species reproduce asexually by fragmentation.

Locomotion

• Ctenophores swim using ciliary rows, otherwise called comb plates, that run along the animal's length.

• The comb plates beat in a coordinated way, and thus the organism is propelled smoothly, gliding through the water.

• This style of locomotion enables effective movement and turns, and therefore admits both capturing prey and escaping from predators.

Habitat And Distribution Of Ctenophora

• Ctenophores are found in oceans worldwide, inhabiting almost all major marine environments—from coastal waters to the open ocean, and pelagic to deep-sea settings.

• Their geographic distribution somewhat mirrors that of the sea, existing in polar and tropical waters and varied depth zones, such as surface and deep-sea environments.

• In these different marine environments, its presence explains its adaptability and ecological importance in global oceanic ecosystems.

Ecological Role Of Ctenophora

• Ctenophores form an integral part of the marine food chain by preying on small marine animals like zooplankton, copepods, and even the larvae of fish, thereby controlling their populations.

• They capture their prey with help from the colloblasts on their tentacles. In turn, they also become the prey for larger marine animals like fish and jellyfish.

• Ctenophores are known to affect the population dynamics of marine species by preying on zooplankton and fish larvae.

• This impact, as with other invasive species like Mnemiopsis leidyi, could result in the disruption of ecosystems like the Black Sea, causing a decline in local populations and fundamental changes in food web structures.

• This need not be so if the population of ctenophores is monitored and managed to protect marine biodiversity.

Conclusion

The phylum Ctenophora includes important marine invertebrates that display radial symmetry, bioluminescence, and special colloblast-based feeding behaviours. These animals have different strategies for reproduction and very effective locomotion powered by their rows of cilia. Ctenophores inhabit a wide range of marine environments and play a significant role in predator-prey relationships, while being subject to significant impacts on marine biodiversity, most notably through invasive species like Mnemiopsis leidyi. They enable us to better understand the function of marine ecosystems and further reiterate the need to consider their ecological function.

The video describing Ctenophora is given below: