Mitosis is the process of cell division by which one cell, called the mother cell, becomes two daughter cells; the newly developed cells are identical to the parent cell and contain identical numbers of chromosomes. It plays a very essential role in developing, growing, and repairing tissues in multi-celled organisms.
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Mitosis is the basis of cell division in organisms with more than one cell, and in it, the continuity of the genes. In mitosis, one cell doubles and then splits to form two daughter cells which are genetically identical and contain the exact number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The whole process is subdivided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, after which cytokinesis ensues. Mitosis allows for growth, development, and tissue repair; it enables an organism to replace damaged or dead cells and increase its population of cells while maintaining genetic stability.
A process of division in which a parent cell divides to produce either two or more daughter cells is called cell division. There are two types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, there are two genetically identical daughter cells produced from one parent cell. On the other hand, in Meiosis cells are genetically varied and the number of chromosomes becomes half what this number was in the parent cell.
Mitosis allows the growth of the organism. Injuries or wear and tear require mitosis, during which dead or damaged cells are replaced by new ones that are generally similar in every respect. Due to this controlled process of cell division, the health and function of an organism are sustained.
The cell cycle is a series of stages that occur so that the cell can grow and then divide.
It contains four major phases:
G1 (Gap 1) which is marked by cell growth and preparation of the DNA for synthesis.
S (Synthesis), alignment of replication of DNA;
G2 (Gap 2), growth continuation and preparation for mitosis; and
M (Mitosis), where the cell divides duplicated chromosomes into two sets, yielding two daughter cells.
The M phase or phase of mitosis is further divided into four other sub-phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase upon completion of which is cytokinesis.
This phase is essential for the daughter cells to get a real and full set of chromosomes so that genetic regularity is kept in cells.
Mitosis is that stage of cells where a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells with the exact number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The main objective of mitosis is to accommodate growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms. Unlike meiosis, which results in four genetically varied daughter cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, mitosis is the process vital to the structure and function maintenance of the living organism
During this stage the chromatin condenses and the chromosomes are visible.
The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope fragments.
With the disappearance of the nuclear membrane, the centrioles migrate to the opposite end and the spindle formation occurs.
Till prophase, the chromosomes have no particular orientation because the spindle has not yet formed.
During late prophase or prometaphase, kinetochores appear on each side of the centromere.
The sister chromatids are attached to the so-called kinetochore spindle fibres with the help of kinetochore.
Chromosomes become fully condensed and distinct.
Chromosomes move towards the equatorial plane of spindles or metaphase plates.
Chromosomes are arranged with their arms directed towards the pole and centromere towards the equator.
The centromere splits and the two chromatids of the duplicated chromosomes separate from each other.
Each chromatid now becomes a daughter chromosome.
Daughter chromosomes, each with a centromere and single chromatid appear to move toward opposite poles.
Anaphase is the shortest phase of mitosis.
During this phase, the spindle disappears and new nuclear envelopes develop around the daughter chromosomes.
Each daughter nucleus contains the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
The chromosomes become diffuse chromatin and nucleolus reappears.
It is followed by the division of the cytoplasm
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of the cleavage furrow.
The cleavage furrow represents the indentation of the membrane between the two daughter nuclei.
In plant cells, a rigid cell wall prevents the furrow formation.
Therefore, a new cell wall is formed between the daughter nuclei to complete the cytokinesis in plant cells.
Several checkpoints and regulatory proteins largely explain how the mitotic process is controlled. These ensure that the process of cellular division during mitosis is carried out accurately. Key checkpoints include the G1/S checkpoint, the G2/M checkpoint, and the spindle assembly checkpoint, in which the preparation for cellular division is measured and ensured at a proceeding stage. Molecular regulators, such as the cyclins and the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are central to the checkpoints and the regulation and fidelity of those checkpoints. They regulate genomic stability and prevent mutation so that each one of the daughter cells will have the correct number of chromosomes and, therefore, the integrity of the genetic information of the organism.
Mitosis results in the development of multicellular organisms, as they begin their life in the form of a unicellular zygote. It undergoes divisions to form a multicellular embryo that gives rise to a whole organism.
In multicellular organisms, mitosis helps in growth and repair.
In unicellular organisms, mitosis results in cell division.
Mitosis is essential to maintain the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.
Cancer is a group of diseases defined by the fact that cells in the body divide and do not stop dividing maliciously. Thus, an understanding of mitosis contributes to the development of targeted therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiation, which control cell division in a cancer cell. Recent progress in research and development has opened possibilities for finding more research on mitotic inhibitors used in the discovery of precision medicine approaches. Mitosis knowledge is important to regenerative medicine and in general to stem cell research, fostering hope for repairing damaged tissues and treating degenerative diseases.
Mitosis is an equational division process aimed at providing two daughter cells genetically similar to the parent cell. Mitosis cell division, therefore, plays fundamental roles in cell biology, based mainly on growth, repair of tissues, and asexual reproduction. The process is essential to the genetic integrity of cells. An understanding of this concept is important in the development concerning health, the process of disease treatment and research.
Mitosis is defined as a process in cells where a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
It is known as equational division because it divides into two identical daughter cells with the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell.
There are four main phases in mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Prophase is the initial phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Mitosis is important for growth, tissue repair, and maintaining genetic consistency in an organism.
In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and spindle fibres attach to their centromeres, ensuring correct segregation.
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