Neural Control and Coordination

Edited By Team Careers360 | Updated on May 10, 2022 03:57 PM IST

The process by which two or more organs can cooperate and fulfill each other's functions is called coordination. When we exercise, the supply of oxygen and the need for energy increase with increased muscle activity. When we stop exercising, all the functions of the nerves, heart, lungs, and kidneys are normal. Therefore, the functions of all the organs are well integrated to perform the exercise and provide the necessary conditions during exercise. Similarly, in our bodies, the nervous system and the endocrine system together combine and combine all the functions of the organs to function in a coordinated way.

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The nervous system or nervous system is a systematic network of point-to-point communication for rapid communication and the endocrine system needs chemical synthesis by hormones. In this article, we will discuss the human neural system and neural communication mechanisms.

Nervous System

The most specialized cells known as neurons are responsible for detecting, accepting, and transmitting various kinds of motives into the nervous system of all animals. In low-spinal animals like Hydra, the organization of the nervous system is very simple with a network of neurons. In insects, it is best organized when the brain contains a large number of ganglia and neural tissues. Ganglia is a group of cells outside the central nervous system. Invertebrates, on the other hand, have a more sophisticated nervous system.

Human Neural System

Neurons can be unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar.

The central nervous system connects the brain with the spinal cord. Also called the CNS, a site for information processing and control.

The brain includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, midbrain, and brainstem. The brainstem performs important functions such as regulating temperature and assisting the hypothalamus to function. The Cerebrum aids memory and cerebellum functions in control.

The peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic nervous system (involuntary) and the somatic system (voluntary). It consists of two types of nerve fibers associated with the CNS, namely, afferent fibers and efferent fibers.

The somatic neural system (SNS) transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles and the autonomic neural system (ANS) transmits impulses from the CNS to the involuntary organs and smooth muscles of the body.

The ANS is then further divided into a sympathetic nervous system as well as a parasympathetic nervous system. The first works during combat, panic, and flight situations (3F). The latter works during rest or digestive conditions.

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Neuron: Structural and Functional Unit of the Neurological System

A neuron is usually a microscopic structure with three important components, which are the cell body, dendrites, and the axon.

Cell Body: Contains a cytoplasm consisting of normal cells organelles and certain granular bodies called Nissl’s granules.

Dendrites: These are short strands containing Nissl granules that come out of the cell body. Dendrites are responsible for transmitting impulses to the cell body.

Axon: It is a long fiber and its far end has branches. Each of these branches is broken down into a bulb-shaped structure called a synaptic knob with chemical synaptic vesicles called neurotransmitters that follow a single flow. The two types of axons are myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers; myelinated is covered with Schwann cells that form the myelin sheath around the axon and are located in the spinal cord and cranial. Ranvier Nodes is the name given to the spaces between two adjacent myelin sheets. Non-myelinated nerve fiber does not form a myelin sheath around the axon but contains Schwann cells, and is commonly found in the ANS and SNS.

The role of axons in moving nerves away from the body cell to the synapse or neuromuscular junction.

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Depending on the number of axons and dendrites, neurons can be divided into three types, namely:

Multipolar Neurons: contains one axon and 2 or more dendrites and is located in the cerebral cortex.

Bipolar Neurons: This contains one axon and one dendrite and is located in the retina of the eye.

Unipolar Neurons: A cell body with only one axon and is found in the embryonic phase.

Neurons are exciting cells and are so named because they transmit electricity.

Their membrane is polarized and different types of ion channels are present in a neural membrane called the axolemma. These ions can easily penetrate different ions.

The strength of the resting membrane is a state of relaxation in which the neuron does not exert any force. Axonal membranes are easily absorbed by Potassium ions (K +) and virtually free of sodium ions (Na +).

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Synapse?

A synapse is a nerve impulse that is transferred from one neuron to another neuron by conjunction. It is made up of presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron membranes. The synapses may or may not be separated by a gap known as the synaptic cleft. Two different types of synapses called electrical synapses and chemical synapses are known when the first involves presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons in the vicinity and finally, the membrane is separated by a synaptic rupture, i.e. a fluid-filled area.

2. What is the Central Neural System?

The brain and the spinal cord are included in the central nervous system. Brain is an organ of our body that serves as the center of command and control. It is safe as it is protected by a skull and is divided into three main parts, namely, forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The brain regulates voluntary movement, the function of unwanted vital organs, and aids in balance.

3. Write down the elements that protect the brain.

Cranium - 8 cranial bones form a hard outer layer of the Meninges of the brain - The brain is covered with three layers called meninges. Pia mater, arachnoid membrane, and dura mater

Cerebrospinal fluid - It is located in the gaps between the meninges and absorbs shock.

4. Write down the similarities between computers and the neural system. (Hint: CPU, output input devices)

A.2. The various organs have sensory nerves that sense surroundings and send them across brain connections like a computer input device. The human brain can be compared to a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The data collected by sensory neurons is processed by the brain that continues to instruct a particular organ to function in harmony. Finally, the message is captured by motor neurons similar to output devices.

5. How can the CNS affect a person if he or she suffers a stroke in the back of the neck?

It can lead to cognitive impairment or physical dysfunction. In addition, it can also cause emotional or behavioural disorders. Injury to the cervix can lead to tetraplegia.