Neuron And Nerves: Types, Function, Anatomy, Introduction, Difference

What Are Neurons And Nerves?

Neurons are a class of cells within the nervous system that are responsible for conducting electrical and chemical signals throughout the body. Such impulses permit feeling, movement, and reflexes. Neurons interrelate with other neurons to form networks complex enough to be connected with different parts of the body, including the brain.

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This Story also Contains

1. What Are Neurons And Nerves?
2. Structure Of Neurons
3. Types Of Neurons
4. Neuron Function
5. Structure Of Nerves
6. Types Of Nerves
7. Functions Of Nerves
8. Disorders Of Neurons And Nerves
9. Recommended Video On ‘Neuron And Nerves’

Nerves, however, may be defined as bundles of axons, which are the long, slender projections of the neuron covered in connective tissue. They act to provide thoroughfares of communication, carrying signals between the CNS and the PNS. They ensure that the brain gets the sensory information and issues appropriate motor commands to muscles and glands.

Structure Of Neurons

They have complex, finely detailed structures to better suit efficient signal transmission. Parts of a neuron have individual roles in receiving, processing, and sending information.

Cell Body (Soma)

• Contains the nucleus and organelles.

• It is central to metabolic activities.

Dendrites

• Receive signals from other neurons.

• Conduct impulses towards the cell body.

Axon

• A long, slender projection.

• It carries the impulses away from the cell body.

Synapse

• A gap between two neurons.

• Neurotransmitters are released here.

Types Of Neurons

The types of neurons are classified based on their function and the direction of transmission of the signal.

Sensory Neurons

• They detect external stimuli.

• They send information to the CNS.

Motor Neurons

• They carry commands to the muscles.

• They allow movement and coordination of the body.

Interneurons

• Integrate sensory and motor neurons.

• Communicate within the CNS.

Neuron Function

Neurons use electrochemical signals to communicate. This is carried by ions moving in and out of the cell, thereby allowing very rapid transmission of information through the nervous system.

Electrical Signaling

• Generation of action potential.

• Propagation down the length of the axon.

Chemical Signaling

• Release of neurotransmitters.

• Transmission across the synapse.

Structure Of Nerves

Nerves are protected and supported internally to allow efficient and reliable transmission of the axons within them.

Epineurium

• Outer, protective connective tissue sheath.

• Protects nerve.

Perineurium

• Surrounds fascicles (groups or bundles of nerve fibres).

• Holds structure.

Endoneurium

• Encloses individual nerve fibres.

• Maintains insulation.

Types Of Nerves

Nerves are classified based on function and also on the direction of signal transmission, similar to neurons.

Afferent Nerves

• Transmit sensory signals to the CNS.

• Play an important role in sensation.

Efferent Nerves

• Carry motor signals from the CNS.

• Play an important role in involuntary and voluntary movements.

Mixed Nerves

• Both sensory and motor fibres are included within the nerve.

• They perform the complex functions of the body.

Functions Of Nerves

Nerves play an important role in the maintenance of the body's functioning by transmitting signals and in reflex actions.

Signal Transmission

• Allow effective communication at very high speeds.

• Comprise physiological responses of the body.

Reflex Actions

• Immediate involuntary responses to a stimulus.

• Prevent damage to the body.

Disorders Of Neurons And Nerves

Different disorders have been associated with neurons and nerves and are responsible for various signs and symptoms, which may further affect functions.

Neuropathy

• Nerve injury and its effects.

• Its symptoms, causes, and diagnosis.

Multiple Sclerosis

• Directed autoimmune disorder towards myelin.

• Nerve transmission of the signal.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

• It causes progressive degeneration of the motor neurons.

• Control and movement of muscles are affected.

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