Physiology: Definition, History, Examples and FAQs

Physiology is the study of the functions and mechanisms of living organisms. It encompasses all systems of the body, including the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. The course in physiology will help learn how organisms maintain homeostasis and respond to changes in the environment.

What is Physiology?

Physiology definition: Physiology is the biological science that studies the living organisms' biological functions. It comprises the processes which maintain life, from cellular activity up to integrated functions of the organ system. This field is contrasted by anatomy, which focuses upon the structure of organisms. So we can explore the question on physiology vs anatomy about how the two fields complement one another in the study of living organisms.

Brief History of Physiology

Physiology is one of the most important topics of Biology. The history of physiology has seen many major discoveries:

1. Hippocrates: Known as the father of medicine because of his emphasis on the observatory aspect to understand health.

2. William Harvey: Described blood circulation in the 17th century.

3. Claude Bernard: Described homeostasis in the 19th century.

Cell Physiology

Cell physiology describes the functions of cells and their organelles:

1. Cell Membrane: All the materials' flow inside and outside is controlled by the cell membrane.

2. Organelles: Specialized structures within cells that carry out specific functions. Examples could be mitochondria, which produce energy.

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Tissue Physiology

Tissues are groups of cells that work together in the execution of specific activities:

1. Epithelial Tissue: Serves to cover all body surfaces and line all cavities; it is also involved in absorption and secretion.

2. Connective Tissue: Serves to support and give structure; it includes bone, blood, and adipose tissue.

3. Muscle Tissue: Is responsible for movement. It includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

4. Nervous Tissue: Transmits impulses and processes information; includes neurons and glial cells.

Organ Systems

The human body contains several organ systems, all performing distinct functions:

Also Read:

• Respiration: Transport Of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

• Components of Blood

• Kidney: Structure, Function and Related Diseases

• Neuron And Nerves

• Endocrine Glands And Hormones

Homeostasis

Maintenance of constant internal conditions, despite changes in the external environment: mechanisms;

Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative feedback mechanisms: mechanisms that work in opposition, eg: temperature regulation

• Positive feedback mechanisms: mechanisms that work in a positive direction, eg: child delivery

Thermoregulation

Mechanisms which maintain body temperature within narrow limits.

Integrative Physiology

Integrative physiology looks at the impact of various organ systems in maintaining homeostasis:

Stress responses: Physiological body reactions to stressors. This is an excellent example of how different organs coordinate their functions.

Exercise Physiology: Physiological change during physical activity. That study is very important for athletes.

Comparative Physiology

Comparative physiology examines physiological differences among species, which provides insight into how organisms adapt to their surroundings:

Adaptation: How different organisms survive and flourish in widely spread habitats, such as how desert animals conserve water.

Evolutionary Physiology: deals with the evolution of physiological attributes and their adaptive significance.

Applied Physiology

Applied physiology is oriented towards practical applications to health and medicine:

1. Clinical Physiology: The study of changes in physiological functions in diseases- for example, heart failure

2. Sports Physiology: Ways of enhancing athletic performance by physiological training.

Current Research Trends

Research in physiology is going on at a brisk pace :

• Systems Biology: integration of data to understand complex interactions in living organisms.

• Regenerative Medicine: Finding ways of repairing or replacing tissues and organs that have been destroyed.

Ethical Considerations

Some of the ethical concerns in physiology would relate to:

• Animal Research: This is the use of animals in physiological investigations that consider issues about humane treatment.

• Genetic Engineering: This is the act of changing physiological characteristics in humans and other animals.

Also Read:

• Transgenic Animals

• Cloning Vector

• Recombinant DNA Technology

• DNA Fingerprinting