Vertebral Column: Function, Anatomy, Structure, Topic

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Jul 02, 2025 06:46 PM IST

What Is Vertebral Column?

The vertebral column is also known as the spine or backbone of the human body. This column made up of 26 small vertebrae provides support, protection, and flexibility for movement in the adult human body.

What Is vertebrae?

An adult spine has 26 vertebrae, while the total amount of vertebrae is 33. This is so because the sacral and the coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form one. The vertebral column replaces the notochord from the embryonic stage and makes up the primary structure of the trunk attaching at the base of the skull. Each vertebra has a hollow forming the neural canal through which the spinal cord passes thus protecting it.

This Story also Contains

What Is Vertebral Column?
What Is vertebrae?
Anatomy Of The Spine Or Vertebral Column
Structure Of Vertebrae
Functions Of The Vertebral Column
Common Disorders Of Vertebral Column
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Vertebral Column: Function, Anatomy, Structure, Topic

Anatomy Of The Spine Or Vertebral Column

The human spine is divided into five sections, all of which are different in character and functions. These include the following:

Cervical Spine (7 vertebrae)

The first vertebra, C1 or Atlas, articulates with the skull. This occurs with the 'yes' movement of the head.
The second vertebra, C2 or Axis, with C1, provides the 'no' movement of the head.
It supports the weight of the head.

Thoracic Spine (12 Vertebrae)

Still relatively less mobility; holds up the rib cage, which protects the lungs and heart.
The thoracic vertebrae articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs.

Diagram: Anatomy Of The Spine

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Lumbar Spine 5 vertebrae

Holds the weight of the body.
These are large, hence one can carry heavyweight.

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Sacral Spine (5 Fused Vertebrae)

Fused five sacral vertebrae
Joins the vertebral column to the hip bones and thus forms the pelvic girdle

Coccygeal Spine ( 4 Fused Vertebrae)

The four coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form the tailbone

Structure Of Vertebrae

The structure differs from one region of the vertebra to another. The general or typical vertebra is made up of the following parts:

Body
Vertebral arch
Processes: spinous, transverse, and articular
Vertebral foramen, forming the spinal canal

Each of the vertebrae is held together by several ligaments, thus promoting movement and stability. The hollow cavity that is formed by the central portion of every vertebra encloses the spinal cord and thus protects it.

Functions Of The Vertebral Column

The functions of the vertebral column include:

Support

The vertebral column provides for the structural support of the body, thus supporting the head and trunk.

Protection

Protection of the spinal cord and nerves within the vertebral canal.

Movement

Allows flexibility, hence allowing bending and twisting within the range of motion.

Attachment

Muscle and ligament attachments in the human body.

Common Disorders Of Vertebral Column

Damage to any of the vertebrae or their parts can lead to a lot of complications and limitation of movement. The common disorders are

Scoliosis

Abnormal sideways bend of the spine
Appears mostly during childhood or adolescence
Includes unevenness in shoulders, waist, and hips
Discomfort may appear; can progress to pain
Serious cases: affect on lung and heart activity
Treatment: observation, bracing, surgery

Herniated Disk

Also called slipped disk or ruptured disk
When the inner gel of a spinal disk protrudes through a tear in the outer layer
Nerve compression causing pain, numbness, or weakness
Common in the lower back but most frequent in the neck
Treatment: physical therapy, medication, surgical intervention

Osteoporosis

A disease characterised by brittle, porous, and weakened bones
Among common diseases in elderly people, especially postmenopausal women
Increases risk of fractures from minor falls/ simple actions
Preventive and treatment measures: Diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, regular exercises, medications for stronger bones

Spinal Stenosis

Narrowing of spaces within the spine that puts pressure on the spinal cord and nerves
Majorly present in the lower back and neck
Symptoms: pain, numbness, muscle weakness, problems with bladder or bowel control
Usually caused by age-related changes such as thickened ligaments, bone spurs, or herniated discs
Treated with physical therapy, medication, or even surgery

Conclusion

The vertebral column performs the very essential functions of support, protection, and flexibility in the human body. Knowledge regarding anatomy and functions is quite important in keeping the spine healthy and curing associated disorders.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are the names of the 26 bones of the spine?

The bones of the spine, which are 26 in number, are called vertebrae. They are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.

2. What are the 5 sections of the spine?

Five divisions include the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

3. How many vertebrae do humans have?

Human beings have a total of 33 vertebrae during development, but in adults, the number is 26 because some vertebrae fuse. icans have a total of 33 vertebrae during development, but in adults, there are 26 because some vertebrae fuse.

4. What are the 4 main functions of the spine?

The four main functions include protection of the spinal cord, support of the head, anchorage of the ribs and muscles, and locomotion with movement.

5. What do the names of the first two vertebrae of the spine run?

The Greeks called the first one Atlas (C1) and the second Axis (C2).

6. How many vertebrae make up the human vertebral column?

The human vertebral column typically consists of 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), and 4 coccygeal (often fused). However, the number can vary slightly between individuals.

7. What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

The five regions of the vertebral column are: cervical (neck), thoracic (upper back), lumbar (lower back), sacral (between the hip bones), and coccygeal (tailbone). Each region has specific characteristics adapted to its function.

8. How do the meninges protect the spinal cord within the vertebral column?

The meninges are three layers of protective tissue surrounding the spinal cord: the dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (innermost). They provide cushioning, contain cerebrospinal fluid, and form a barrier against infections. The meninges extend from the brain through the vertebral canal, encasing the spinal cord.

9. What is the function of the coccyx, and why is it considered vestigial?

The coccyx, or tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column. It provides attachment points for pelvic floor muscles and ligaments. It's considered vestigial because it's a remnant of the tail found in other vertebrates. In humans, it has limited function but can flex slightly during sitting or childbirth.

10. What is the role of the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral discs?

The nucleus pulposus is the gel-like center of the intervertebral disc. It acts as a shock absorber and pivot point for movement between vertebrae. When compressed, it distributes pressure evenly across the disc. Its high water content allows it to deform under pressure and return to its original shape, providing flexibility to the spine.

11. What is scoliosis, and how does it affect the vertebral column?

Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It can affect the alignment of vertebrae, potentially leading to uneven shoulders, hips, or waist. Severe cases may impact lung function or cause pain. The cause is often unknown (idiopathic), but it can also result from neuromuscular conditions or congenital abnormalities.

12. How does aging affect the vertebral column?

Aging can lead to degenerative changes in the vertebral column. These may include: loss of bone density (osteoporosis), thinning of intervertebral discs, development of bone spurs, and stiffening of ligaments. These changes can result in decreased flexibility, height loss, and increased risk of fractures or herniated discs.

13. What is a herniated disc, and how does it occur?

A herniated disc occurs when the soft inner core (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disc pushes through a tear in the tougher outer layer (annulus fibrosus). This can happen due to age-related degeneration, injury, or excessive strain. Herniated discs can cause pain, numbness, or weakness if they compress nearby nerves.

14. What is spina bifida, and how does it affect the vertebral column?

Spina bifida is a congenital condition where the vertebral arches fail to close completely during fetal development, leaving the spinal cord exposed. This can lead to neurological deficits, depending on the severity and location of the defect. It most commonly affects the lower back and can range from mild (spina bifida occulta) to severe forms requiring surgical intervention.

15. How do Schmorl's nodes affect the vertebral column?

Schmorl's nodes are protrusions of intervertebral disc material into the adjacent vertebral body. They occur when the cartilage end plates of vertebrae weaken, allowing the nucleus pulposus to herniate into the vertebral body. While often asymptomatic, they can sometimes cause pain and may indicate degenerative changes in the spine.

16. What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

The primary function of the vertebral column is to provide structural support and protection for the spinal cord while allowing flexibility for movement. It acts as the central axis of the skeleton, supporting the body's weight and enabling us to maintain an upright posture.

17. What is the intervertebral disc, and what is its function?

The intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure located between vertebrae. It consists of an outer fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus) and an inner gel-like core (nucleus pulposus). Its function is to absorb shock, distribute pressure, and allow for spinal flexibility and movement.

18. How does the vertebral column contribute to human bipedalism?

The vertebral column contributes to human bipedalism through its S-shaped curvature, which helps distribute body weight efficiently. The lumbar curve, in particular, brings the body's center of gravity in line with the hips, allowing for an upright posture and efficient walking on two legs.

19. What are the natural curvatures of the spine, and why are they important?

The spine has four natural curvatures: cervical and lumbar (lordotic, concave posteriorly) and thoracic and sacral (kyphotic, convex posteriorly). These curvatures increase the spine's flexibility and shock-absorbing capacity, distribute body weight evenly, and help maintain balance in an upright posture.

20. How does the vertebral column protect the spinal cord?

The vertebral column protects the spinal cord through its bony structure. Each vertebra has a vertebral foramen, which collectively form the vertebral canal. This canal houses and shields the spinal cord from external damage while allowing nerve roots to exit at each vertebral level.

21. How does the structure of vertebrae differ between regions of the spine?

Vertebrae differ in size, shape, and features between regions. Cervical vertebrae are smaller with a foramen in each transverse process. Thoracic vertebrae have facets for rib attachment. Lumbar vertebrae are larger and bear more weight. Sacral vertebrae are fused, and coccygeal vertebrae are small and often fused.

22. What is the role of ligaments in the vertebral column?

Ligaments in the vertebral column connect vertebrae and provide stability. They limit excessive movement that could damage the spine. Key ligaments include the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, which run along the length of the spine, and the ligamentum flavum, which connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

23. What is the role of the atlas and axis vertebrae in head movement?

The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) are specialized cervical vertebrae that allow for head movement. The atlas articulates with the skull, allowing for nodding (yes) movements. The axis has a projection called the dens, which acts as a pivot point for the atlas, allowing for side-to-side (no) movements of the head.

24. How does the sacrum differ from other regions of the vertebral column?

The sacrum is unique because it consists of five fused vertebrae, forming a single, triangular bone. It connects the spine to the pelvis via the sacroiliac joints. The sacrum's fusion provides stability for weight transfer between the upper body and the legs, which is crucial for bipedal locomotion.

25. How do the facet joints contribute to spinal movement?

Facet joints are synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae that guide and limit spinal movement. They allow for flexion, extension, and rotation while preventing excessive motion that could damage the spinal cord. The orientation of facet joints varies in different regions of the spine, influencing the type and range of movement possible.

26. How does the vertebral column adapt to bipedal locomotion in humans compared to quadrupedal animals?

The human vertebral column has adapted to bipedal locomotion through several key features: an S-shaped curve that balances the upper body over the pelvis, a more pronounced lumbar curve to support upright posture, a wider sacrum for weight distribution, and a forward-shifted foramen magnum in the skull for balanced head position. These adaptations allow for efficient upright walking and running.

27. How does the vertebral column contribute to shock absorption during movement?

The vertebral column absorbs shock through several mechanisms: the S-shaped curvature distributes forces, intervertebral discs act as cushions, and the slight compression and expansion of discs during movement help dissipate energy. Additionally, the natural springiness of ligaments and the contraction of surrounding muscles assist in shock absorption.

28. How does the structure of the vertebral column allow for both stability and flexibility?

The vertebral column achieves a balance between stability and flexibility through its design. The bony vertebrae provide structural support and protection, while the intervertebral discs and facet joints allow for movement. Ligaments and muscles further stabilize the spine while enabling controlled motion. The column's S-shaped curve also contributes to both stability and flexibility.

29. How does the structure of the vertebral column contribute to its weight-bearing capacity?

The vertebral column's weight-bearing capacity is enhanced by several structural features: the increasing size of vertebrae from top to bottom, which distributes weight more effectively; the intervertebral discs, which absorb and distribute forces; the natural curvatures, which increase the column's load-bearing capacity; and the strong ligaments and muscles that provide additional support and stability.

30. How does the structure of the vertebral column change during fetal development?

During fetal development, the vertebral column begins as a cartilaginous structure that gradually ossifies. The process starts with the formation of the notochord, which induces the development of the vertebrae. Ossification centers appear in each vertebra, and the characteristic curves of the spine develop as the fetus grows and begins to move.

31. What is the significance of the cervical lordosis in human anatomy?

Cervical lordosis is the inward curve of the neck region of the spine. It helps balance the weight of the head, which would otherwise tend to fall forward. This curvature also enhances the shock-absorbing capacity of the spine, protects the spinal cord, and allows for a greater range of head movement while maintaining stability.

32. How do muscles interact with the vertebral column to produce movement?

Muscles attach to various parts of the vertebrae and work in coordinated groups to produce movement. For example, the erector spinae muscles run along the spine and help with extension and rotation. The deep muscles between vertebrae (interspinales and intertransversarii) assist with fine adjustments and stabilization during movement.

33. What is the purpose of the vertebral endplates?

Vertebral endplates are thin layers of cartilage that separate the intervertebral discs from the vertebral bodies. They serve several functions: providing a barrier to prevent disc material from entering the porous bone, distributing pressure across the vertebral body, and allowing for nutrient diffusion between the discs and vertebrae.

34. What is spondylolisthesis, and how does it affect spinal alignment?

Spondylolisthesis is a condition where one vertebra slips forward over the one below it. This misalignment can compress nerves, cause lower back pain, and affect posture. It commonly occurs in the lumbar region and can result from congenital defects, degenerative changes, or stress fractures in the pars interarticularis of the vertebra.

35. How do the pedicles and laminae contribute to vertebral structure?

Pedicles and laminae are parts of the vertebral arch. Pedicles are short, thick processes that connect the vertebral body to the posterior elements. Laminae are flattened plates that complete the vertebral arch posteriorly. Together, they form the vertebral foramen, which houses and protects the spinal cord. They also provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

36. What is the function of the vertebral foramina, and how do they relate to spinal nerves?

Vertebral foramina are openings formed by adjacent vertebrae where spinal nerves exit the spinal cord. These foramina allow nerves to pass from the central nervous system to innervate various parts of the body. The size and shape of foramina can affect nerve function, and conditions like foraminal stenosis can lead to nerve compression and associated symptoms.

37. What is the role of proprioceptors in the vertebral column?

Proprioceptors in the vertebral column, such as muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, provide feedback about the position and movement of the spine. This information is crucial for maintaining posture, coordinating movement, and preventing injury. These sensory receptors help the nervous system adjust muscle tension and spinal alignment in response to changes in position or load.

38. How do the transverse processes of vertebrae contribute to spinal function?

Transverse processes are bony projections that extend laterally from the vertebrae. They serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments, particularly those involved in spinal rotation and lateral flexion. In the thoracic region, they also articulate with ribs. The size and orientation of transverse processes vary by spinal region, reflecting their specific functional roles.

39. What is spinal stenosis, and how does it affect the function of the vertebral column?

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramina, often due to age-related changes or congenital factors. This narrowing can compress the spinal cord or nerve roots, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness in the extremities. It can affect the spine's ability to protect nerves and may limit movement or cause neurological symptoms.

40. How do the uncovertebral joints in the cervical spine contribute to neck movement?

Uncovertebral joints, also known as joints of Luschka, are small synovial joints found in the cervical spine between the third and seventh cervical vertebrae. They form between the uncinate processes of the vertebral bodies and contribute to the flexibility of the neck. These joints allow for lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine while providing stability.

41. What is the role of the ligamentum flavum in the vertebral column?

The ligamentum flavum is a strong, elastic ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. It helps maintain the normal curvature of the spine and assists in returning the spine to an upright position after flexion. Its elasticity allows it to lengthen during flexion and shorten during extension, providing dynamic stability to the spine.

42. What is the function of the costovertebral joints, and how do they relate to respiration?

Costovertebral joints are the articulations between ribs and vertebrae in the thoracic spine. They allow for small movements of the ribs during breathing. During inhalation, these joints permit the ribs to move upward and outward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This movement is crucial for the mechanical aspect of breathing and demonstrates the interplay between the vertebral column and respiratory function.

43. How does the anatomy of the atlantoaxial joint differ from other vertebral joints?

The atlantoaxial joint, between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae, is unique in structure and function. Unlike other vertebral joints, it lacks an intervertebral disc. Instead, it consists of a pivot joint formed by the dens of the axis fitting into a socket in the atlas. This specialized joint allows for about 50% of the rotation of the head and neck.

44. What is the significance of the basivertebral veins in the vertebral column?

Basivertebral veins are large, valveless veins that run through the vertebral bodies. They play a crucial role in draining blood from the vertebrae and connecting to the external vertebral venous plexus. This venous system is important for the nutrition of vertebral bodies and can serve as an alternative route for blood flow when the caval system is obstructed.

45. How does the structure of the vertebral column contribute to its role in hematopoiesis?

The vertebral column plays a vital role in hematopoiesis (blood cell production) through its red bone marrow content. The trabecular bone within vertebral bodies houses red bone marrow, which is a primary site for blood cell production in adults. The extensive vascular supply to vertebrae supports this function, highlighting the multifaceted role of the vertebral column beyond structural support.

46. What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the vertebral column?

The anterior longitudinal ligament runs along the front of the vertebral bodies from the base of the skull to the sacrum. It helps maintain the stability of the spine, particularly during extension. This ligament limits excessive backward bending of the spine, provides additional support to the intervertebral discs, and contributes to the overall integrity of the spinal column.

47. How do Sharpey's fibers contribute to the attachment of ligaments to vertebrae?

Sharpey's fibers are collagen fibers that anchor ligaments and tendons