Drugs are part and parcel of our lives; they have a very important role in maintaining our health, treating illnesses, and improving our well-being. From simple painkillers like aspirin to take away a headache to the very complex chemotherapeutic agents in fighting an innumerable number of cancer patients, drugs have become an integral part of the armamentarium of modern medicine. However, with such vast numbers of drugs, it becomes important to understand how they are actually categorized and what these classifications do. This paper is going to look into the world of drug classification, looking at the different criteria that have been used in the categorization of these drugs together with their meaning in the medical and pharmacological fraternity.
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It is a complex, multidimensional process whereby the grouping of drugs should be arranged according to certain definite principles or criteria—for example, by their chemical structure, mechanism of action, therapeutic effects, or pharmacological properties. It could, therefore, help health workers, researchers, and policy people to understand the relationships of the drugs better and thus predict possible interactions and make informed choices on drug use. The most widespread classification of drugs is grouping by use of the ATC classification level system developed by the World Health Organization. All grouping is done according to the target organs or systems and also by therapeutic, pharmacological, and chemical properties. So, in the case of the second type, cardiac drugs would be "C", and drugs used for the nervous system would be "N". It that sense, it somewhat standardizes the format in which health professionals and researchers relate to each other regarding drugs and their uses.
Drug classification—this is the grouping of the arrangement of drugs according to established features: the structure, mechanism of action, therapeutic effect, and pharmacological features. It is the science approach to make it easier for proper understanding by practitioners, researchers, and policymakers on different drugs and features, predictions, and possibilities for interaction, for reasoned use.
One of the most broadly applied classifications, for example, is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification developed by WHO. This class categorizes drugs based on their target organ or system and their therapeutic, pharmacological, and chemical properties. An example is cardiovascular disease drugs, classified under the "C" group, which then further classifies the nervous system drugs as part of the "N" group.
All medicines are drugs but all drugs are not medicines. A drug may be habit-forming, causing addiction while a medicine is safe to use and does not cause addiction. Drugs may be a single chemical substance or a combination of two or more different substances. An ideal drug should satisfy the following requirements:
Classification of Drugs
Drugs may be classified in a number of different ways. Some of these are mentioned below:
There are many ways in which drugs may be classified. On these grounds, different drug types can also be seen divided by:
1. Chemical classification: Categorization of the drugs based on their chemical structure; that is to say, alkaloids, steroids, or phenothiazines would be exemplary.
2. Therapeutic classification: Drugs may also be classified on the basis of their class of therapy, such as analgesics—pain relievers, antibiotics, and antidepressants.
3. Pharmacological classification: Based on mechanism of action, for example, alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, or proton pump inhibitors.
1. Better safety of patients: Relationship complexities between different drugs aid the health professional in predicting and dealing with probable drug interactions, thereby reducing the occurrence of side effects.
2. Faster drug development: Drug classification will help in rapidly identifying potential drug candidates by showing similarities to that of existing drugs.
3. Effectual treatment planning: Drug classification by the health professional helps in the selection of the most appropriate drug to an individual's malady and, at the same time, taking into account the special requirements of the patient.
4. Compliance with regulatory bodies: The classification of drugs allows the regulating bodies, like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA), to control which drugs ensure their safe and effective use.
Example 1:
Matching Drugs with Their Therapeutic Actions
Question:
Match the following drugs with their therapeutic actions:
(i) Ranitidine
(ii) Nardil (Phenelzine)
(iii) Chloramphenicol
(iv) Dimethane (Brompheniramine)
(a) Antidepressant
(b) Antibiotic
(c) Antihistamine
(d) Antacid
(e) Analgesic
Solution:
(i) Ranitidine $\longrightarrow$ (d) Antacid
(ii) Nardil (Phenelzine) $\longrightarrow$ (a) Antidepressant
(iii) Chloramphenicol $\longrightarrow$ (b) Antibiotic
(iv) Dimethane (Brompheniramine) $\longrightarrow$ (c) Antihistamine
Hence, the answer is option (2).
Example 2:
Deficiency of Nor-Adrenaline
Question:
If a person is suffering from a deficiency of noradrenaline, what kind of drug can be suggested?
1) Anti-inflammatory
2) Antidepressant
3) Antihistamine
4) Analgesic
Solution:
Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter. If nor-adrenaline is low, a person may suffer from depression. Hence, an antidepressant drug is suggested.
Therefore, the answer is option (2).
Example 3:
Drugs Used for Therapeutic Purposes
Question:
Drugs that are used for therapeutic purposes are generally called?
1) Enzymes
2) Receptors
3) Chemical Messengers
4) Medicines
Solution:
Medicines are drugs that are used for therapeutic purposes like diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.
Hence, the answer is option (4).
Example 4:
Classification of Drugs for Medicinal Chemists
Question:
The most useful classification of drugs for medicinal chemists is:
1) On the basis of chemical structure
2) On the basis of drug action
3) On the basis of molecular target
4) On the basis of pharmacological effect
Solution:
One of the methods of classification of drugs is based on molecular targets. Drugs possessing some common structural features may have the same mechanism of action on targets. The classification based on molecular targets is the most useful classification for medicinal chemists.
Hence, the answer is option (3).
Example 5:
Identifying Drug Molecule Structure
Question:
The structure shown below is of which well-known drug molecule?
1) Ranitidine
2) Seldane
3) Cimetidine
4) Codeine
Solution:
The given structure is of Cimetidine, which is a well-known drug molecule.
Hence, the answer is option (3).
By their very nature, the classifying of drugs represents the cornerstone of pharmacology and medicine. It structures the understanding and the probable usages of the different medicines. When one learns about the various classifications of drugs, one can only appreciate the complexity and importance of this area and how the usage of drugs could be assured to be safe and effective for one's health. With new drug developments and refinements to current ones underway, the need for drug classification has never been greater, thus equipping healthcare professionals with the proper tools in order to render quality care to their clientele.
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