The theory of pH was introduced by Danish chemist Soren Peder Lauritz Sorensen in the year of 1909. Sorensen developed the pH scale to measure the acidity or Basicity of a solution more accurately. The scale that he discovered to measure the acidity and basicity of the compound expresses the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution, the lower pH is the indicator of higher Hydrogen ion concentration and then that of higher pH indicates the lower hydrogen ion concentration, and a very basic namely Alkaline Solution.
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what is pH
pH is also referred to as the potential or power of hydrogen. Mathematically, it can be represented as follows:
$\mathrm{pH}=-\log _{10}\left[\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]$
If the solution is neutral, then:
Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
From the ionic product of water, we know:
Kw = 10-14
[H3O+] = [OH-] = x (since solution is neutral)
Thus, 10-14 = Kw = x2
x = 10-7
Now, [H3O+] = 10-7
Thus, pH = - log10(H3O+) = - log10(10-7) = 7
For acidic solutions, we must have [H3O+] > [OH-] For basic solutions, we must have [H3O+] < [OH-]
Thus, [H3O+] > 10-7 Thus, [H3O+] < 10-7
Thus, [H3O+] for acids can be 10-6, 10-5, 10-4, etc. Thus, [H3O+] for basics can be 10-8, 10-9, 10-10, etc.
Thus, pH of acids can be 6, 5, 4, etc. Thus, pH of basics can be 8, 9, 10, 11, etc.
Hence, pH of acidic solutions is less than 7 Hence, pH of basic solutions is greater than 7
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We know from the ionic product of water that at 630C, the value of Kw = 10-13.
For a neutral solution, we know the:
$\begin{aligned} & {\left[\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]=\left[\mathrm{OH}^{-}\right]} \\ & \Rightarrow \mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{w}}=\mathrm{x}^2 \\ & \Rightarrow \mathrm{x}=\sqrt{10^{-13}}=10^{-6.5} \\ & \Rightarrow\left[\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]=10^{-6.5} \\ & \Rightarrow \mathrm{pH}=-\log _{10}\left(10^{-6.5}\right)=6.5\end{aligned}$
Hence, pH depends upon the temperature
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Strong acids are those acids that dissociate completely in solutions. For example:
Since H2SO4 is a strong acid, thus it will dissociate completely into H+ and OH- ions as follows:
$\begin{aligned} & \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4 \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}^{+}+\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-} \\ & \text { Thus, }\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]=2 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{M} \\ & \Rightarrow \mathrm{pH}=-\log _{10}\left(2 \times 10^{-4}\right) \\ & \Rightarrow \mathrm{pH}=-\log _{10}(2)-\log _{10}\left(10^{-4}\right) \\ & \Rightarrow \mathrm{pH}=-0.30+4=3.7\end{aligned}$
Thus, the pH of H2SO4 is 3.7
NOTE: If molarity(N) of solution is not given but normality(N) is given, then molarity can be calculated using the following formula:
N = M x n
where n is the number of moles
Related topics link,
Weak acids are those acids that dissociate partially in solutions. For example:
Example.1
1. Which one of the following statements is not true?
1)The conjugate base of $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{PO}_4{ }^{-}$is $\mathrm{HPO}_4{ }^{2-}$
2) $p H+p O H=14$ for all aqueous solutions.
3) (correct) The pH of $1 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{MHCL}$ is 8
4)96,500 coulombs of electricity when passed through a $\mathrm{CuSO}_4$ solution deposits 1 gram equivalent of copper at the cathode.
Solution
Value of pH -An acidic solution has $p H<7$, The basic solution has $p H>7$, Neutral solution has $p H=7. p H_{\text {acid cannot exceed } 7 \text { Here we should also consider }}\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]$that comes from $H_2 \mathrm{O}$ Now $\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]=\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]_{\text {from } \mathrm{HCl}}+\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]_{\text {from } \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}}$
$
\begin{aligned}
{[\mathrm{H}]^{+} } & =10^{-8}+10^{-7} \\
{[\mathrm{H}]^{+} } & =10^{-8}+10 \times 10^{-8} \\
{[\mathrm{H}]^{+} } & =11 \times 10^{-8}
\end{aligned}
$
$
\therefore p H=-\log \left(11 \times 10^{-8}\right)=6.9587
$
Hence, the answer is the option (3).
Example.2
2. An alkali is titrated against an acid with methyl orange as an indicator, which of the following is a correct combination?
1)Base Acid End Point
Strong Strong Pink to colorless
2)Base Acid End Point
Weak Strong Colourless to pink
3)Base Acid End Point
Strong Strong Pinkish red to yellow
4) (correct)Base Acid End Point
Weak Strong Yellow to pinkish red
Solution
As we learned in
Value of p(H) -
Acidic solution has p(H) < 7
Basic solution has p(H) > 7
Neutral solution has p(H) = 7
Methyl orange changes its color in acidic medium when pH is around 3 to 5 and its colour is yellow in basic medium and red in acidic medium so it is used to titrate weak base with strong acid.
Hence, the answer is an option (4).
Example.3
3. Among the following acids which have the lowest $p K_a$ value?
1) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}$
2) $\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_2 \mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{COOH}$
3) (correct) HCOOH
4) $\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{COOH}$
Solution
The higher the $p K_a$ value, the weaker is the acid. Hence, stronger acid has lower $p K_a$ value.
In the given options, HCOOH is the strongest acid.
Hence, the answer is the option (3).
Example.4
4.Hydrogen ion concentration in mol/L in a solution of $p H=5.4$ will be
1)$3.98 \times 10^8$
2)$3.88 \times 10^6$
3)$3.68 \times 10^{-6}$
4) (correct)$3.98 \times 10^{-6}$
Solution
The pH scale -
Hydronium ion concentration in molarity is more conveniently expressed on a logarithmic scale known as the pH scale.
The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm to base 10 of the activity of hydrogen ion
$p H=-\log \left[H^{+}\right]$
$\left[H^{+}\right]=\operatorname{antilog}(-p H)=\operatorname{antilog}(-5.4)=3.98 \times 10^{-6}$
Hence, the answer is the option (4).
Example.5
5.How many litres of water must be added to 1 litre of aqueous solution of HCl with a pH of 1 to create an aqueous solution with pH of 2 ?
1) (correct)9.0 L
2)0.1 L
3)0.9 L
4)2.0 L
Solution
If molarity(N) of solution is not given but normality(N) is given, then molarity can be calculated using the following formula:
N = M x n
where n is the number of moles
Initial PH$=2=1 \log \left[H^{+}\right]_2$
$\left[H^{+}\right]_1 \times 1=\left[H^{+}\right]_2 \times V$
$10^{-1} \times 1=10^{-2} \times V$
V=10L
Added water =10-1=9L
Hence, the answer is the option (1).
PH is describe as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration. Acids are substances that donate hydrogen ions (protons) to any solution. They have a pH of less than 7. Strong Acids are those that are completely dissociated in water, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). They have a low pH, which is close to 0. Weak acids such as acetic acid (CH3COOH) partially dissociate in water. They have a pH closer to 7 but still less than 7 . Examples: Lemon juice, vinegar, and battery acid. Bases are substances that accept hydrogen ions or donate hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution. They have a pH greater than 7. Strong bases such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) are completely dissociated in water. They have a high pH, often close to 14. Weak Bases are partially dissociated in water, such as ammonia (NH3). They have a pH almost equal to 7 but still more than 7.
NCERT Chemistry Notes:
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pH determines the number of hydrogen ions in a solution, as well as its acidity or alkalinity. Normally, a pH scale ranges from zero to fourteen an alkaline solution is one with a pH greater than 7 and an acidic one with a pH of less than 7 at 25 °C.
pH 7.2 is the optimum level for our blood and body tissues. Acidosis is a condition of increased acidity in the blood and body tissues.
Hydrogen potentials are known as PH. A hydrogen ion concentration indicates a solution's hydrogen ion concentration. A measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is. There are 14 pH values on a pH scale.
An acidic or basic water content determines the pH. An acidic solution contains more hydrogen ions, and a basic solution contains more hydroxyl ions. pH is an important indicator of the chemical state of water since it can be changed by chemicals.
pH increases with an increase in alkalinity. Acidosis is a condition where the blood acid levels become too high. If the blood is too alkaline, this is called alkalosis. Acidosis and alkalosis of the respiratory system can cause the lungs to malfunction.
pH = -log aH+
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