Introduction

Introduction: Know Your Instructor
How to get answer to your queries fast?

Downloading and Installing SPSS

Downloading and Installing IBM SPSS Statistics 24 on windows
Downloading SPSS Grad Pack: Student Version

Version and Updates

SPSS 28: What is New?
SPSS 26: What is new?

Dataset & Resources

Practice dataset, PPT and Resources

References and Further Readings on Method

Great References on Quantitative Methods
Philosophy of Research
Research Papers with Fascinating Ideas

Conceptual Foundation of Statistics

Statistics: Definition and Types
Parametric vs Non-Parametric Statistics: Assumptions
Statistics Basics

Data Entry: Learning to Enter Data in SPSS

Conceptualizing Variables: IV, DV, Control, Moderators & Mediating Variables
Variable Type Numeric: Defining Names, Width, Decimals & Labels for Variables
Variable Type: Comma & Dot
Variable Type: Scientific Notation
Variable Type: date and Time Stamps
Variable Type: Dollar
Variable Type: Custom Currency
Variable Type: String
Variable Type: Restricted Numeric
Defining Values and Labels
Defining Missing Values: Discrete, Range & System-Missing Values
Setting Columns & Alignment
Defining Measures: Scales of Measurement

Working with Various File Types in SPSS

Types of Data Files in SPSS
Opening an Excel data file in SPSS
Opening a Comma Separated or csv file type in SPSS

Data Transformation in SPSS: RECODE and Other Transformation Functions

Dataset and Resources: RECODE Function
COMPUTE VARIABLE function: What it is and What it can do for us?
Calculating Total using COMPUTE function
Exercise: Try COMPUTE using IF
Exercise Solution: COMPUTE using IF
RECODE FUNCTION: Why to Recode Variable?
Why We have Two RECODE Functions?
How to do RECODE INTO DIFFERENT VARIABLE in SPSS?
COMPUTING Total After RECODE
Recode into Same Variable

Descriptive Statistics using SPSS

Setting Data for Descriptive Analysis
Types of Descriptive Statistics
Understanding Three Different Descriptive Tabs in SPSS
Calculating Frequencies
Descriptives Analysis Using Crosstab
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode - Concept and Uses
Calculating and Interpreting Mean, Median & Mode
Confirming Mode with Frequencies
Explore Option: Calculating Grouped Descriptives
Explore Option: Interpreting Groupwise Mean and 95% Confidence Interval of Mean
5% Trimmed Mean: Concept, Use & Interpretation
Explore: Median, Standard Deviation, Variance, Minimum, Maximum, & Range
Quartiles and Inter-Quartile Range using Explore Option
Kurtosis: Calculation, Interpretation and Understanding Significance Level
Standard Error of Mean: Concept, Calculation & Interpretation

Independent Sample t-test: Comparing Two Independent Group Means

Independent sample t-test: Defining input options
Independent sample t-test: Interpreting descriptive output (Mean, SD, SE)
Independent Sample t-test: Interpreting Levene's test, t, p, SE & 95% CI
APA Style write-up for Independent Sample t-test

Paired Sample t-test: Comparing Differences between Two Correlated Group Means

When to use Paired Sample t-test?
Calculating Paired Sample t-test in SPSS
Interpreting Paired Sample t-test Output
APA Style write-up for Paired Sample t-test

One-Way ANOVA: Comparing Differences between More than Two Groups

When to Use One-Way ANOVA?
Calculating One-Way ANOVA in SPSS
Interpreting ANOVA output: Descriptive Statistics
Interpreting Output: ANOVA Summary Table
Doing Post-hoc analysis in ANOVA: Homogeneity of Variance Test & Post-hoc
Trend Analysis & Means Plot in ANOVA
Contrast Analysis in ANOVA

Linear Regression: Cause and Effect Analysis of One IV on One DV

What is Regression?
When to Use Linear Regression Vs. Multiple Regression?
Defining SPSS Input Options for Linear Regression
Interpreting Linear Regression Output: Variables & Model Summary
Interpreting Linear Regression Output: Constant, B, Beta, SE & t

Multiple Regression: Causal Effect of Many IVs on One DV

What is Multiple Regression?
Assumptions of Multiple Regression: Linearity & Testing Linearity in SPSS
Assumptions 2: Independence of Errors/Lack of Autocorrelations & Testing in SPSS
Assumptions 3: Homoscedasticity of Errors & Testing it in SPSS
Assumptions 4: Multivariate Normality & Testing it in SPSS
Assumptions 5: Multicollinearity & Testing it in SPSS
Choosing a Method of Multiple Regression: Enter Method
Choosing a Method of Multiple Regression: Stepwise and Forward Selection Method
Choosing a Method of Multiple Regression: Backward Elimination Method
Running Stepwise and Forward Selection Method of Regression in SPSS
Choosing a Method of Multiple Regression: Remove Method

Hierarchical Regression Analysis

What is Hierarchical Regression Analysis and when to use it?
Setting Data and Defining Model in Hierarchical Regression
Refining Model and Detecting Multicollinearity through Correlation Matrix
Taming Bad Data: Using beta, R squared and p values to further refine model
Interpreting the Output of Hierarchical Regression

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Personality Dataset
What is Factor Analysis?
Understanding Latent Variables and Indicators in FA
Sample Researches Using FA in Social Science & Engineering
Historical Origin of FA & Its Application in Test Construction
Exploratory Factor Analysis vs. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (EFA vs. CFA)
Setting Data for Factor Analysis
Understanding "Selection Variable"
Univariate Descriptives & Initial Solutions: Descriptive
Correlation Matrix: Coefficients, Significance, Determinant, KMO & Bartlett's
Understanding Inverse, Reproduced, Anti-Image
Extraction Method: Principle Component Analysis
Extraction Method: Principle Axis Factoring
Extraction Method: Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Choosing Correlation vs. Covariance Matrix for Factor Analysis
Interpreting Correlation Matrix & Unrotated Factor Solution
Determining number of factors: Scree Plot vs. Kaiser's eigen value criteria
Factor Rotation: What it is and why its done?
Rotation Methods: Varimax, Quartimax, Equamax, Direct Oblimin, Promax
Calculating Factor Scores: Regression, Bartlett, Anderson-Rubin
Factor Score Coefficient Matrix
Missing Value Analysis: Listwise, Pairwise, Replace with Mean
Sort by Size & Suppressing Smaller Coefficients
Project in Factor Analysis Part 1: Identifying Dimensions of Personality
Project in Factor Analysis Part 2: Identifying Dimensions of Personality
Project in Factor Analysis Part 3: Identifying Dimensions of Personality
Project in Factor Analysis Part 4: Factor Naming
Project in Factor Analysis Part 5: Reliability Analysis of Factors
Project in Factor Analysis Part 6: Presenting Results in APA Style

Chi-Square Test

Chi Square Test: Introduction and When to Use Chi-Square Test?
Assumptions of Chi-square Test
Formula for Calculation of Chi-Square Test
Setting Data for Calculation of Chi-Square using Crosstabs Option
Testing Assumptions of Chi-Square test Using Crosstabs Option
Interpreting Output of Chi-Square Test and APA Style Reporting
One-way Chi Square: When to use and how its different from two-way Chi square?
Setting Data for One-way Chi Square Test
Weigh Cases, Calculation, Interpretation & APA Write-up for One-Way Chi Square
Practice Data set for One-Way Chi square

Reliability Analysis

Introduction to Reliability Analysis
What is Reliability?
Reflective vs. Formative Models of Scale
Should We Report Cronbach's Alpha or Composite Reliability?
Type of Reliability: Test-Retest Reliability
Type of Reliability: Parallel Form
Type of Reliability: Internal Consistency Reliability
Understanding Cronbach's Alpha
Assumptions of Cronbach's Alpha
Formula of Cronbach's Alpha
Range of Cronbach's Alpha
Calculating Reliability: Understanding Scale if an Item is Deleted Option
Interpreting Case Processing Summary & Alpha Coefficient
Improving Reliability of a Scale: Diagnosing Missing Values
Improving Reliability: Diagnosing Scale Mean and Variances
Improving Reliability: Diagnosing Item-Total Correlations
Improving Reliability: Removing Ambiguous and Redundant Items
Item Discrimination Index

Graphical Presentation & Data Visualization in SPSS

Graphs & Data Visualization in SPSS: An Introduction
Which Graph is Suitable for Me: Rules for Creating Graphs Part 1
Which Graph is Suitable for Me: Rules for Creating Graphs Part 2
Creating a Bar Diagram in SPSS
How to Change Background Color of Bar Diagram in SPSS?
How to Change Color & Patterns of Bars in Bar Diagram?
How to Adjust Width of Bars in Bar Diagram?
How to Rename X & Y Axes of Bar Diagram in SPSS?
Understanding Error Bars over Bar Diagram: What, Why & How?
How to Create Bar Diagrams with Error Bars in SPSS?
How to Create Bar Diagrams with error
How to Use Multipliers (Standard Error & Standard Deviation) in Bar Diagrams ?
Creating Clustered Bar Diagrams in SPSS
Pie Charts: Understanding and Setting Dataset
Pie Charts Vs. Bar Diagram: When to Use Pie Vs. Bar Diagram?
How to create Pie Chart in SPSS
Pie Chart: How to Change the Color of Pie?
Pie Chart: How to Merge Slices?

Logistic Regression

What is Logistic Regression?
Logistic Regression (External Resource)
Understanding the Logistic Regression Model
Understanding and Logistic Regression Model: Shape, Logit and Probabilities
Understanding the Equation of Logistic Regression
Requirements for Logistic Regression Analysis
Assumptions of Logistic Regression
Concept of Odd Ratios (in Brief)
Setting Data and Understanding the Data File
How to Code the Binary Dependent Variable in Logistic Regression
Understanding Block Option and Interaction Option
Selecting "Method" and Coding Categorical Variable as "Dummy" Variable
Understanding Save Option: Predicted Probabilities & Group Membership
Understanding Save Option: Influence - Cook's Distance & DFBeta Options
Understanding Save: Residuals – Standardized
Understanding Classification Plots Option
Understanding Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness of Fit Test Option
Understanding Case-wise Listing of Residuals
Understanding Correlation of Estimates Option
Understanding "Iteration History" Option
Understanding "CI for Exp(B)" Option
Including Constant in Model
Understanding "Classification Cutoff .5 & Bootstrapping"
Output: Understanding Case Processing Summary & Dummy Variable Coding
Output: Understanding Block 0 vs Other Blocks & Iteration History
Output: Understanding -2 Log Likelihood & R squares (Cox n Snell, Negelkerke)
Output: Understanding Classification Table (Sensitivity & Specificity)
Output: Variables in Equation - Baseline Model Interpretation
Output: Hosmer-Lemeshow & Contingency Table for Baseline Model
Output: Interpretation of Hosmer-Lemeshow Test for Default Model
Output: Interpreting Variables in Equation for Default Model
Output: Interpreting Wald's Test for Default Model
Odd Ratios (in Depth): Part 1 - Fundamentals, Derivation & Calculation
Odd Ratios (in Depth): Part 2 - Calculating Odds of Lung Cancer w/ Smoking
Interpreting Odd Ratios in Variables in Equation Table
Interpreting Correlation Table and Understanding Multi-collinearity
Classification Plot: Interpretation & Application
Interpreting Case-wise Listing of Residuals Output
Interpreting Predicted Probabilities and Group Membership
Interpreting Cook's Distance and DFBeta
Interpreting Omnibus Test Output
Explaining Pseudo R Squares: - 2Log Likelihood, Cox & Snell and Negelkerke
Writing Final equation of Logistic Regression Manually
APA Style Presentation of Table and Results

Moderation and Mediation Analysis using PROCESS Macro

Introduction to Mediation and Moderation Analysis
Data, PPT & Resources
Understanding Moderation analysis and its Regression Model - I
Understanding Moderation analysis and its Regression Model - II
Statistical Equation of Moderation
Understanding Mediation: Direct, Indirect and Total Effects
Understanding Difference Between Moderation & Mediation
Downloading & Installing Process Macro
Examples of moderation: Story of Infosys and Uber
Whats is Mediation: Understanding a Mediation Model
Whats is Full n Partial Mediation?
Understanding Direct Indirect & Total Effects
What is Sobel Test?
Partially Standardized vs Completely Standardized Indirect Effects
Understanding Ratios of Indirect effect: Indirect to Total vs Indirect to Direct
What is Proportion of Variance Explained by Indirect Effect?
Moderation analysis: Dataset & Hypothesis Development
Understanding Model Numbers
Moderation: Variables, Bootstrapping, Covariates, Proposed Moderator W,Z, V, Q
Moderation> Options: Mean Center for Products
Moderation>Options: Heteroscedasticity Consistent SE, OLS/ML CI, Data Plotting
Moderation> Conditioning: Johnson-Neyman
Moderation: Multi-categorical
Dealing with Long Names
Explanation of Output of Moderation Analysis
Plotting Moderation effect in SPSS and Excel
APA Style Presentation of Moderation Effect, Chart and Table
Conceptual Model of Mediation: Does Glucose Mediates the Influence of Diabetes?
Checking Suitability of Data for Mediation Analysis
Mediation: M-Variables, Model Number, Bootstrap Sample, and Covariates
Mediation>Options: OLS/ML Confidence Interval & Effect Size
Mediation>Option: Sobel Test
Mediation>Options: Total Effect Model, Compare Indirect Effect, Print Model Cov
Mediation: Conditioning, Multi-categorical, and Long Names
Mediation> Output: Understanding Covariance Matrix Output
Explaining Mediation Output-Part 1
Explaining Mediation Output-Part 2
Explaining Mediation Output-Part 3
Mediation Output: Partially and Fully Standardized Indirect Effects
Mediation Output: Ratio of Indirect to Total Effect & Indirect to Direct Effect
Mediation Output: R-squared Mediation Effect Size
Mediation Output: Normal Theory Test for Indirect Effect
Mediation Output: Kappa Squared and Why It is Suppressed?
Calculating Preacher and Kelly's Kappa Squared Manually
APA Style Presentation of the Results of Mediation Analysis
Relevant Literature: Mediation & Moderation Analysis using PROCESS

General Linear Modelling (GLM) & Generalized Linear Modelling (GLIM)

Dataset and Resources: GLM
Introduction to (General Linear Models) GLM
What are General Linear Models (GLM)?
What are Generalized Linear Models (GLIM)?
What are Exponential Distributions?
Examples and Applications of Generalized Linear Models (GLIM)
General Linear Models (GLM) vs Generalized Linear Models(GLIM)

One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA

Dataset and Resources: One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA
What is Repeated Measure Design (Example 1: Depression Study)
What is Repeated Measure Design (Example 2: Performance under Noise Study)
What is Repeated Measure Design (Example 3: Control Group Study)
Should I do Repeated Measure ANOVA or Paired Sample t-test?
Assumptions of Repeated Measure ANOVA
Explaining Multivariate Tests
Understanding Pillai's Trace & Wilk's Lambda
Understanding Hotelling's Trace
Understanding Roy's Largest Root
What is Sphericity: Understanding Sphericity through an Example
Understanding Mauchly's Test of Sphericity
Understanding the Dataset
Formulating Research Question and Hypothesis based on Data
Understanding "Within-subject Factor Naming"
Understanding "Measurement Name" Option
Understanding "Between Subject Factor and Covariate" Options
Understanding Preliminary Output
Model: Full Factorial, Build/Custom Terms & Main and Interaction Effects
Explaining TYPE I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV Sum of Squares
Contrast: Simple, Polynomial, Repeated, Deviation, Difference, Helmert
Defining Plots: Exploring All Options
Introduction to Post-hoc Tests: Two Families of Tests
When to Use Tukey's and Scheffe's Tests?
Explaining Bonferroni correction
Explaining LSD Test
Tukey,s HSD, Tukey's WSD and SNK Test
Waller-Duncan, Dunnett’s T, Scheffe, Sidak, Duncan, and Hochberg Gabriel’s Test
Games Howell, Tamhane's T2 and T3 Tests: Non-parametric Post-hoc Tests

Correlations

Introduction to Correlation
What is Correlation?
Types of Correlations: Positive and Negative Correlations
Understanding Correlation coefficient and its Range
Which Correlation Coefficient to Use and When?
Introduction to Pearson's Correlation: Origin, Use & Why its so Popular?
Why it is Called Product Moment Correlation Coefficient?
Assumptions of Pearson's Product Moment Correlation
Calculation of r : Deviation Score formula
Calculation of r: Z-Score Formula
Calculation of r : Raw Score Formula
Calculation of r : Co-variance Formula
Manual Calculating of r using Raw Score Method
Importance of Correlation Coefficient
Spurious Correlations: Correlation does not signify causation
Pearson Correlation as a Coefficient of Variability (R-squared)
Calculation of r in SPSS: Checking Assumptions
Calculation of r in SPSS : Understanding Pearson, Two tailed, and Bootstrapping
Interpretation of Output of r
Bootstrapping the Correlation Coefficient (r)
Writing Output of r in APA style
Fixing the Bootstrap Bug in SPSS 25
Introduction to Biserial and Point Biserial Correlations
When to Use Biserial and When to Use Point Biserial Corrleation?
Calculation and Interpretation of Biserial Correlation in SPSS
APA Style Reporting of Biserial Correlation Output
Exercise: Calculating a Point Biserial Correlation between Gender and Salary
How to Calculate Point Biserial Corrleation in SPSS
How to Interpret Point Biserial Corrleation in SPSS
How to Report Point Biserial Correlation Output in APA style
Introduction to Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (Rho)
When to Use Rank Order Correlation Coefficient: Four Examples
Who gave Rho and How it is Denoted?
Assumptions of Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient
Understanding the formula Rho and Ranking Method
How to deal with Tied Ranks while Calculating Rho?
Should I Rank My Variables First then calculate Rho?
Calculating and Interpreting Rho in SPSS
Rho is r on Ranked Data: Proof
APA style Reporting of Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient

Measures of Association

Introduction: What is Difference between Association and Correlation
Understanding Concordant Discordant Pairs
Understanding Pairs by Column and Rows Calculation
Introduction to Kendall's Tau
When to Use Kendall's Tau instead of Spearman's Rho
Assumptions of Kendall's Tau
Range and Interpretation of Kendall's Tau
Types of Kendall's Tau Coefficients: Tau a, Tau b, Tau c & Kendall's W
Kendall's Tau a : Concept, When to use and Formula
Kendall's Tau b and Tau c : Introduction and When to Use Them
Kendall's Tau b Formula
Kendall's Tau c : Formula and When to Use
Kendall's Tau a, Tau b, Tau c and Kendall's W: A Comparison of Usage
Kendall's Tau b in SPSS: Checking Tied Ranks
Kendall's Tau b: APA Style Reporting
Kendall's Tau c : Assumption Checking
Kendall's Tau c : Calculation and Interpretation in SPSS
Kendall's Tau c : APA Style Reporting
Kendall's W : Introduction and When to Use
Kendall's W : Understanding the Formula
Kendall's W in SPSS (using Non-Parametric Auto-Dialogue Box)
Kendall's W in SPSS (using Non-Parametric Legacy-Dialogue Box)
Kendall's W : APA Style Output Reporting

Bug Fixing in SPSS

Fixing the Bootstrap Bug in SPSS 25

Assignments

Descriptive Analysis in SPSS
Answers to Assignment 1
Assignment 1: Explanation of Que 1, 2 and 3
Assignment 1: Explanation of Que 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8
Assignment 1: Explanation of Que 9 and 10

ANCOVA: One-Way Analysis of Covariance

Introduction: What is ANCOVA and When to Use It?
What is meaning of covariate? Does it mean control?
Ways of ANCOVA and Requirements for Doing ANCOVA
Understanding Assumptions and Dataset
Study Design and Dataset
Understanding Options: DV, Fixed Factors and Random Factors
Understanding Covariates and WLS weight and why Post-hoc Button Gets Inactive
Testing Assumptions
Importance of Controlling Covariate
Explaining Options: Model Sum of Squares and Contrast
Explaining Options: Plots
Explaining Options: Estimated Marginal (EM) Means
Explaining Options: Compare Main Effects (LSD, Bonferroni, Sidak) & SAVE
Options: Descriptives, Effect Size Parameter Estimates Homogeneity Test Residual
Explaining Output: Part 1
Explaining Output: Part 2
APA Style Presentation of ANCOVA Results

MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance)

What is MANOVA?
When to Use MANOVA?
Multivariate Test Decision Tree: When to use ANOVA, MANOVA, ANCOVA, MANCOVA?
Assumptions of MANOVA
Research Questions and Study Design
Hypotheses Development
Understanding MANOVA Window in SPSS
Specifying Model: Full Factorial, Build Terms, and Custom Terms
Understanding Model Sum of Squares
What is Contrast?
Understanding Simple Contrast
Understanding Repeated Contrast
Understanding Polynomial Contrast
Understanding Deviation Contrast
Understanding Difference and Helmert Contrast
Understanding Estimated Marginal Means
Understanding SAVE Option
Understanding Descriptives, Effect Size, Observed Power, Noncent Parameter
Understanding Parameter Estimates
Understanding SSCP Matrix and Residual SSCP Matrix
Understanding Transformation Matrix and Homogeneity Test
Understanding Spread and Residual Plots
Understanding Lack of Fit Test
Understanding General Estimable Function

Python for SPSS Users

Why Social Scientists Should Learn Programming?
Programmability Options in SPSS: Python, R and Visual Basic
Installing and Running Python
Accessing Python from SPSS
Understanding Extension Bundle Option
Three Rules of Writing Python Programme
Your First Python Programme in SPSS: Hello World
Unit Basic Concepts: Understanding Variables and Operators
Data Types in Python
What is Data?
What are data Types?
What are Data Structures?
Data Types vs. Data Structures in Python
Primitive Data Types in Python
Non-Primitive Data Types: Lists, Stack, Queue, Map
Non-Primitive Data Types: Tupple, Set, Frozen Set, Dictionary
Arithmetical Options in Python: Using Python as a Calculator
Unit- Print Function: Impressing Guide -Printing a Name Million Times in Seconds
Learning to Print a Paragraph in Python
Printing a Text Pattern in Python
Clearing Screen: How to Define Clear Screen Function in Pycharm
Unit: Functions in Python - List of Built in Functions
Input Function
Min and Max Functions

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Introduction

Downloading and Installing SPSS

Version and Updates

Dataset & Resources

References and Further Readings on Method

Conceptual Foundation of Statistics

Data Entry: Learning to Enter Data in SPSS

Working with Various File Types in SPSS

Data Transformation in SPSS: RECODE and Other Transformation Functions

Descriptive Statistics using SPSS

Independent Sample t-test: Comparing Two Independent Group Means

Paired Sample t-test: Comparing Differences between Two Correlated Group Means

One-Way ANOVA: Comparing Differences between More than Two Groups

Linear Regression: Cause and Effect Analysis of One IV on One DV

Multiple Regression: Causal Effect of Many IVs on One DV

Hierarchical Regression Analysis

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Chi-Square Test

Reliability Analysis

Graphical Presentation & Data Visualization in SPSS

Logistic Regression

Moderation and Mediation Analysis using PROCESS Macro

General Linear Modelling (GLM) & Generalized Linear Modelling (GLIM)

One-Way Repeated Measure ANOVA

Correlations

Measures of Association

Bug Fixing in SPSS

Assignments

ANCOVA: One-Way Analysis of Covariance

MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance)

Python for SPSS Users

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