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AP EAMCET (EAPCET) Exam 2025 - Date, Applicaton Form, Syllabus, Pattern, Eligibility Criteria, Admission Process

Updated on 05th November, 2024 by Team Careers360

About AP EAMCET 2025

AP EAMCET 2025 - JNTUK is expected to publish the detailed notification for the AP EAMCET 2025 exam in March 2025. The AP EAMCET 2025 application form link will be available from the second week of March 2025, at eapcet-sche.aptonline.in. Students who have passed class 12 or other equivalent exams with a minimum of 45% aggregate score (40% for reserved category) in all subjects combined are eligible for the AP EAMCET 2025 exam. The authority will announce AP EAMCET 2025 exam dates online. 

Detailed information regarding the exam syllabus, dates, paper pattern, application process and much more will be provided in the AP EAMCET information booklet which will be made available on the official website. Candidates aspiring for admission to Engineering, Agricultural, Pharmacy, and other related courses offered by colleges in Andhra Pradesh must appear for the AP EAMCET 2025.

The AP EAMCET 2025 exam will consist of 160 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) covering Mathematics, Chemistry, and Physics. Each question will carry 1 mark. The question paper will be based on the AP EAMCET syllabus 2025.  Candidates must check out the AP EAMCET 2025 exam pattern to familiarise themselves with the exam. Candidates can improve their scores by practising the AP EAMCET sample paper.

JNTUK will conduct the AP EAPCET 2025 exam in online mode. Candidates will be able to download the AP EAMCET answer key pdf from the website, cets.apsche.ap.gov.in/EAPCET. Additionally, the authority will release the AP EAMCET question paper and response sheet online. To download the AP EPCET response sheet, candidates will need to enter their registration and hall ticket numbers. JNTUK will announce the AP EAMCET 2025 result online after the exam. 

What is AP EAMCET Exam 2025?

JNTU conducts the Andhra Pradesh Engineering, Agriculture, and Medical Common Entrance Test, commonly known as AP EAMCET every year. The EAMCET exam is conducted each year for admissions to courses like Engineering, Agricultural and Pharmacy colleges in India.

Registered candidates will be able to download the AP EAMCET 2025 admit card from the official website. Aspirants will need their EAPCET registration number, qualifying exam hall ticket number, and date of birth to download the admit card of AP EAMCET 2025.

Candidates who clear the AP EAMCET entrance exam are offered admission at 400 participating institutions across the state. AP EAMCET is a state-level admission test conducted online at various centres.

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AP EAMCET 2025 Highlights

Full Exam Name
Andhra Pradesh Engineering Agriculture and Medical Common Entrance Test
Short Exam Name
AP EAMCET
Conducting Body
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada
Frequency Of Conduct
Once a year
Exam Level
State Level Exam
Languages
English +1 more
Mode Of Application
online
Application Fee
Online : 600
Mode Of Exam
online
Mode Of Counselling
online +1 more
Participating Colleges
414
Exam Duration
3 Hours

B.Tech

The authorities will release the eligibility criteria 2025 of AP EAMCET along with the official information brochure on the website. The AP EAMCET 2025 eligibility criteria will include all the major details regarding the eligibility of a candidate in terms of minimum education qualifications, age limits, etc. Candidates should note that their admission to respective institutes is subject to their fulfilment of the eligibility criteria of AP EAMCET 2025.

Candidates are advised to check the eligibility criteria in advance so that no they can be prepared in advance with all the necessary documents. No candidate will be allowed to take admission if they fail to comply with the eligibility criteria prescribed by the institution.

Eligibility criteria:

  • Candidates of Indian nationality/PIO/OCI card holders are eligible to apply

  • Candidates should be at least 16 years of age as on December 31, 2025.

  • Candidates appearing/passed their class 12 from the Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh/ Telangana with Physics and Mathematics along with Chemistry or related vocational courses in the field of Engineering as an optional subject with a minimum of 45% aggregate score in all subjects combined. Candidates belonging to the reserved category must have scored a minimum of 40% marks.

  • Candidates who have passed or are in their final year of the Diploma exam

  • Candidates should have secured at least 50% marks in Mathematics and overall 50% aggregate in Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry.

B.Sc.

There are certain requirements that the candidates have to meet to be eligible for the B.Sc entrance examination. The eligibility criteria of AP EAMCET 2025 constitute such conditions. The candidates can refer to the AP EAMCET 2025 eligibility criteria that have been listed below:

Nationality – The candidates should hold Indian nationality or should be Persons of Indian Origin (PIO)/Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Card holders.

Domicile – The domicile requirements of Andhra Pradesh/Telangana has to be satisfied.

Age Criteria – The candidates should have completed 17 years of age as of December 31 of the year of admission. The upper age limit is 22 years (25 years for SC/ST candidates). 

  • Academic Requirements – Should have passed or appeared for the final year of intermediate examination (10+2 pattern) or any examination recognized as equivalent thereto by the Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana with any two/three of the subjects indicated against each course noted below:
  • B.Sc (Ag) and B.Sc (Hort) – Physical Sciences, Biological or Natural Sciences, Agricultural, Vocational Course in Agriculture
  • B.V.Sc & A.H. - Physical Sciences, Biological or Natural Sciences, Vocational Courses in Veterinary Sciences
  • B.F.Sc – Physical Sciences, Biological or Natural Sciences, Vocational Courses in Fishery Sciences.   

Marks Required – The candidates should have obtained at least 45% marks in the qualifying examination (40% for reserved categories).

B.Pharma

Candidates must refer to the eligibility criteria of AP EAMCET 2025 to check if they are eligible for B.Pharm admissions or not. The various criteria related to age, nationality, domicile, and more have to be fulfilled by the candidates. Inability to meet the criteria will lead to the disqualification of the candidates. AP EAMCET 2025 eligibility criteria for B.Pharm is listed below for everyone’s reference:

Age Limit – Should have completed 17 years of age by the date of commencement of admission or on such other date as notified by the authorities. There is no upper age limit.

Nationality – Candidates who are of Indian nationality or belong to the Persons of Indian Origin (PIO)/Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) category will be termed eligible. 

Domicile – The domicile requirements of Andhra Pradesh/Telangana has to be satisfied.

Academic Requirements – Should have passed or appeared for the final year of the intermediate examination (10+2) with Biology, Physics, and Chemistry as optional conducted by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana.

The authorities will conduct the AP EAMCET 2025 registration on the official website. The official notification will provide detailed information regarding the admission procedure. The AP EAPCET application process will include registration, paying the application fee, and uploading the necessary documents in the prescribed format. Candidates must complete the AP EAMCET exam 2025 registration by the last date. It is advised to keep the required documents handy before filling out the AP EAMCET application form 2025. Additionally, candidates will have the opportunity to make corrections to the AP EAMCET 2025 application form during a specified correction period.

Documents Required to be uploaded in AP EAMCET 2025 application form:

  • Email Id and mobile number
  • Scanned images of photograph and signature
  • Any photo ID like an Aadhar Card 
  • Marksheet of class 10/12
  • Income Certificate
  • Domicile Certificate
  • Debit/Credit card/Net banking details 

How To Fill Online AP EAMCET 2025 Application Form

Follow the steps mentioned below and fill out the application form.

  • Visit the official website of AP EAMCET
  • Click on the “ New Candidate Registration” button.
  • Read all the instructions and click on “Confirm”.
  • Enter your details like, name, mobile number, email id
  • Create a unique password
  • Fill in all your details like educational details, parent’s details, communication details, etc.
  • Pay the application fees. 
  • Upload your required documents 
  • Click on the Submit Application form button

AP EAMCET Application Fees 2025

The application fees for AP EAMCET 2025 are mentioned in the table below:

Stream

Category

Open Category

Backward Class

SC/ST

Engineering

INR 600

INR 550

INR 500

Agriculture 

INR 600

INR 550

INR 500

Both Engineering & Agriculture

INR 1200

INR 1100

INR 1000

AP EAMCET Sample Papers

Students looking for AP EAMCET preparation, can download free question paper from here.

Download Now

Documents Required at Exam AP EAMCET 2025

Andhra Pradesh Engineering Agriculture and Medical Common Entrance Test 2025

  • AP EAMCET 2025 hall ticket
  • Print-out of filled application form
  • Caste certificate (if applicable)

AP EAMCET 2025 Exam Centers

StateCity
Andhra Pradesh
Anantapur
Chittoor
Amalapuram
Bapatla
Gudlavalleru
Kurnool
Gudur
Chirala
Anakapalle
Bobbili
Bhimavaram
Kadapa
Gooty
Madanapalle
Kakinada
Guntur
Nandyal
Kavali
Markapur
Srikakulam
Vizianagaram
Eluru
Proddatur
Puttur
Rajahmundry
Narasaraopet
Mylavaram
Nellore
Ongole
Tekkali
Narasapur
Rajampet
Tirupati
Vijayawada
Visakhapatnam
Tadepalligudem
Machilipatnam
Anandapuram
Hindupur
Yemmiganur
Gajuwaka part
Rajampeta
Puttaparthi
Tiruvuru
Telangana
Secunderabad
LB Nagar
Nacharam
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Candidates applying for the AP EAMCET 2025 admission test are advised to check the AP EAPCET 2025 exam pattern. The official information brochure will include the paper pattern, examination mode, the type of questions asked, the exam duration, the marking scheme, and much more.

AP EAMCET 2025 exam pattern will help candidates understand the exam and prepare accordingly. It is quite important to know the exam pattern of AP EAPCET 2025 to strategize your preparation.

AP EAMCET 2025 Exam Pattern

Particulars

Details

Examination Mode

Online

Duration of Exam

3 Hours

Medium of Exam

English and Telugu

Question Type

MCQs

Marking Scheme

No negative marks

Number of Papers

3

Number of Questions

160

Marks

160

AP EAMCET Exam Pattern 2025: Number of questions 

No. of Sections

No. of Questions

Marks 

Physics

40

40

Chemistry

40

40

Mathematics

80

80

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AP EAMCET 2025 Syllabus

AP EAMCET 2025 B.Tech 2025

Mathematics: Unit 01


Algebra
  • Functions: Types of functions, definitions, inverse functions, and theorems, domain, range, inverse of real valued functions
  • Mathematical induction: Principle of mathematical induction and theorems, applications of mathematical induction, problems on divisibility
  • Matrices: Types of matrices, scalar multiple of a matrix and multiplication of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinants, adjoint and inverse of a matrix, consistency and inconsistency of equations rank of a matrix
  • Matrices: Solution of simultaneous linear equations
  • Complex numbers: Complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers, fundamental operations, representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib, modulus and amplitude of complex numbers, illustrations
  • Complex numbers: Geometrical and polar representation of complex numbers in Argand plane, Argand diagram. Multi-conceptual problem on the above concepts
  • De Moivre's theorem: Integral, and rational indices, nth roots of unity geometrical interpretations, illustrations
  • Quadratic expressions: Quadratic expressions, equations in one variable-sign of quadratic expressions, change in signs, maximum and minimum values, quadratic inequations
  • Theory of equations: The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation, solving the equations when two or more roots of it are connected by certain relation, equation with real coefficients
  • Theory of equations: Occurrence of complex roots in conjugate pairs and its consequences, transformation of equations, reciprocal equations
  • Permutations and combinations: Fundamental principle of counting, linear and circular permutations, permutations of 'n’ dissimilar things taken 'r’ at a time, permutations when repetitions allowed, circular permutations
  • Permutations and combinations: Permutations with constraint repetitions, combinations-definitions, certain theorems and their applications
  • Binomial theorem: Binomial theorem for positive integral index, binomial theorem for rational index (without proof), approximations using binomial theorem
  • Partial fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non, repeated linear factors, partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) where both f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and when g(x) contains repeated and/or non repeated linear factors
  • Partial fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains irreducible factors

Mathematics: Unit 02


Trigonometry
  • Trigonometric ratios up to transformations: Graphs and periodicity of trigonometric functions, trigonometric ratios and compound angles, trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub-multiple angles, transformations, sum and product rules
  • Trigonometric equations: General solution of trigonometric equations, simple trigonometric equations, solutions
  • Inverse trigonometric functions: To reduce a trigonometric function into a bijection, graphs of inverse trigonometric functions, properties of inverse trigonometric functions
  • Hyperbolic functions: Definition of hyperbolic function-graphs, definition of inverse hyperbolic functions-graphs, addition formulae of hyperbolic functions
  • Properties of triangles: Relation between sides and angles of a triangle, sine, cosine, tangent, and projection rules, half angle formulae and areas of a triangle, incircle and excircle of a triangle

Mathematics: Unit 03


Vector algebra
  • Addition of vectors: Vectors as a triad of real numbers, classification of vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, angle between two non zero vectors, linear combination of vectors, component of a vector in three dimensions
  • Addition of vectors: Vector equations of line and plane including their Cartesian equivalent forms
  • Product of vectors: Scalar product, geometrical interpretations, orthogonal projections, properties of dot product, expression of dot product in i, j, k system, angle between two vectors, geometrical vector methods
  • Product of vectors: Vector equations of plane in normal form, angle between two planes, vector product of two vectors and properties, vector product in i, j, k system, vector areas, scalar triple product, vector equations of plane in different forms
  • Product of vectors: Skew lines, shortest distance and their Cartesian equivalents. Plane through the line of intersection of two planes, condition for coplanarity of two lines, perpendicular distance of a point from a plane
  • Product of vectors: Angle between line and a plane. Cartesian equivalents of all these results-vector triple product, results

Mathematics: Unit 04


Measures of dispersion and probability
  • Measures of dispersion, range, mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/ grouped data, coefficient of variation and analysis of frequency distribution with equal means but different variances
  • Probability: Random experiments and events, classical definition of probability, axiomatic approach, and addition theorem of probability, independent and dependent events, conditional probability, multiplication theorem and Baye's theorem
  • Random variables and probability distributions: Random variables, theoretical discrete distributions, binomial and Poisson distributions

Mathematics: Unit 05


Coordinate geometry
  • Locus: Definition of locus, illustrations, to find equations of locus, problems connected to it
  • Transformation of axes: Transformation of axes-rules, derivations and illustrations, rotation of axes-derivations, illustrations
  • The straight line: Revision of fundamental results, straight line, normal form, illustrations, straight line, symmetric form, straight line, reduction into various forms, intersection of two straight lines, family of straight lines, concurrent lines
  • The straight line: Condition for concurrent lines, angle between two lines, length of perpendicular from a point to a line, distance between two parallel lines, concurrent lines, properties related to a triangle
  • Pair of straight lines: Equations of pair of lines passing through origin, angle between a pair of lines, condition for perpendicular and coincident lines, bisectors of angles-pair of bisectors of angles, pair of lines, second degree general equation
  • Pair of Straight lines: Conditions for parallel lines-distance between them, point of intersection of pair of lines, homogenizing a second degree equation with a first degree equation in x and y
  • Circle: Equation of circle, standard form, centre and radius of a circle with a given line segment as diameter and equation of circle through three non collinear points, parametric equations of a circle, position of a point in the plane of a circle
  • Circle: Power of a point definition of tangent, length of tangent, position of a straight line in the plane of a circle, conditions for a line to be tangent, chord joining two points on a circle, equation of the tangent at a point on the circle
  • Circle: Point of contact, equation of normal, chord of contact, pole and polar, conjugate points and conjugate lines, equation of chord in terms of its midpoint, relative position of two circles, circles touching each other externally, internally
  • Circle: Common tangents, centers of similitude, equation of pair of tangents from an external point
  • System of circles: Angle between two intersecting circles, radical axis of two circles, properties, common chord and common tangent of two circles, radical centre, intersection of a line and a circle
  • Parabola: Conic sections, parabola, equation of parabola in standard form, different forms of parabola, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal at a point on the parabola (Cartesian and parametric)
  • Parabola: Conditions for straight line to be a tangent
  • Ellipse: Equation of ellipse in standard form, parametric equations, equation of tangent and normal at a point on the ellipse (Cartesian and parametric), condition for a straight line to be a tangent
  • Hyperbola: Equation of hyperbola in standard form, parametric equations, equation of tangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola (Cartesian and parametric), conditions for a straight line to be a tangent, asymptotes
  • Three dimensional coordinates: Coordinates, section formulae, centroid of a triangle and tetrahedron
  • Direction cosines and direction ratios: Direction cosines, direction ratios
  • Plane: Cartesian equation of plane, simple illustrations

Mathematics: Unit 06


Calculus
  • Limits and continuity: Intervals and neighbourhoods, limits, standard limits, continuity
  • Differentiation: Derivative of a function, elementary properties, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, hyperbolic, inverse hyperbolic function, derivatives, methods of differentiation, second order derivatives
  • Applications of derivatives: Errors and approximations, geometrical interpretation of derivative, equations of tangents and normals, lengths of tangent, normal, sub tangent and sub normal
  • Applications of derivatives: Angles between two curves and condition for orthogonality of curves, derivative as rate of change, Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem without proofs and their geometrical interpretation
  • Applications of derivatives: Increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima
  • Integration: Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, standard forms, properties of integrals, method of substitution-integration of algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions
  • Integration: Integration by parts, integration by partial fractions method-reduction formulae
  • Definite integrals: Definite integral as the limit of sum, interpretation of definite integral as an area, fundamental theorem of integral calculus(without proof), properties, reduction formulae, application of definite integral to areas
  • Differential equations: Formation of differential equation, degree and order of an ordinary differential equation, solving differential equation by-i) variables separable method, ii) homogeneous differential equation
  • Differential equations: Solving differential equation by-iii) non-homogeneous differential equation, iv) linear differential equations

Physics: Unit 01


Physical world
  • Scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology, and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws

Physics: Unit 02


Units and measurements
  • Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances, size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy
  • Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures
  • Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations
  • Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities

Physics: Unit 03


Motion in a straight line
  • Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity

Physics: Unit 04


Motion in a plane
  • Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method
  • Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height
  • Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 05


Laws of motion
  • Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Newton's third law of motion, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction
  • Types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics

Physics: Unit 06


Work, energy, and power
  • Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy, the work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy
  • The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions
  • Elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions

Physics: Unit 07


Systems of particles and rotational motion
  • Introduction, rigid body motion, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, angular acceleration
  • Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments
  • Moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion

Physics: Unit 08


Oscillations
  • Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion
  • Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance

Physics: Unit 09


Gravitation
  • Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed
  • Orbital speed, earth satellites, energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness

Physics: Unit 10


Mechanical properties of solids
  • Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s Ratio
  • Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, applications of elastic behaviour of materials

Physics: Unit 11


Mechanical properties of fluids
  • Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, Archimedes' principle, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux, Torricelli's Law, Venturi-meter
  • Blood flow and heart attack, dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes' law, Reynolds number, critical velocity, surface tension and surface energy, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise
  • Detergents and surface tension

Physics: Unit 12


Thermal properties of matter
  • Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, triple point, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction
  • Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling and its experimental verification

Physics: Unit 13


Thermodynamics
  • Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity of water, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state
  • Thermodynamic processes, quasistatic process, isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes
  • Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem

Physics: Unit 14


Kinetic theory
  • Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity
  • Monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases, specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path

Physics: Unit 15


Waves
  • Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength, and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave
  • Speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats
  • Doppler effect: Source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both source and observer moving

Physics: Unit 16


Ray optics and optical instruments
  • Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications
  • Refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments
  • The eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope

Physics: Unit 17


Wave optics
  • Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect
  • Coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by scattering
  • Polarisation by reflection

Physics: Unit 18


Electric charges and fields
  • Introduction, electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field
  • Electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane
  • Physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, applications of Gauss's law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
  • Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell

Physics: Unit 19


Electrostatic potential and capacitance
  • Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges
  • Potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, electrostatic shielding
  • Dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor
  • Van De Graaff generator

Physics: Unit 20


Current electricity
  • Introduction, electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors
  • Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors-series and parallel
  • Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer

Physics: Unit 21


Moving charges and magnetism
  • Introduction, magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields
  • Velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors
  • The ampere (unit), torque on current loop, magneticdipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the moving coil galvanometer
  • Conversion into ammeter and voltmeter

Physics: Unit 22


Magnetism and matter
  • Introduction, the bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, the dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, magnetism and Gauss's law, the earth's magnetism, magnetic declination and dip
  • Magnetisation and magnetic intensity, susceptibility, magnetic properties of materials; diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets

Physics: Unit 23


Electromagnetic induction
  • Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration-a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance
  • Self inductance, AC generator

Physics: Unit 24


Alternating current
  • Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit
  • Phasor-diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations, transformers

Physics: Unit 25


Electromagnetic waves
  • Introduction, displacement current, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays
  • Electromagnetic spectrum: Gamma rays

Physics: Unit 26


Dual nature of radiation and matter
  • Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric Effect, Hertz's observations, Hallwachs and Lenard's observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current
  • Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation, energy quantum of radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell
  • Davisson and germer experiment

Physics: Unit 27


Atoms
  • Introduction, alpha particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck-Hertz experiment
  • The line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantization, laser light

Physics: Unit 28


Nuclei
  • Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, law of radioactive decay, alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, nuclear energy, fission
  • Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion

Physics: Unit 29


Semiconductors electronics: Materials, devices, and simple circuits
  • Introduction, classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, band theory of solids, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor
  • p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator
  • Optoelectronic junction devices, photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell
  • Junction transistor, structure and action, basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE-configuration), feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator
  • Digital electronics and logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND, and NOR gates, integrated circuits

Physics: Unit 30


Communication systems
  • Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave
  • Modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave

Chemistry: Unit 01


Atomic structure
  • Sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation; particle nature of electromagnetic radiation-Planck's quantum theory
  • Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles; dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  • Quantum mechanical model of an atom
  • Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms
  • Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 02


Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
  • Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100, electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
  • Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy
  • Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 03


Chemical bonding and molecular structure
  • Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds
  • Crystal structure of sodium chloride, general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
  • Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, types of overlapping, and nature of covalent bonds, strength of sigma and pi bonds
  • Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds; hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples; molecular orbital theory
  • Formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals, bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2
  • Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular, general properties of hydrogen bonds

Chemistry: Unit 04


States of matter: gases and liquids
  • Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases
  • Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules; behaviour of real gases
  • Deviation from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases; liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure
  • Viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 05


Stoichiometry
  • Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions
  • Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, examples; atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass
  • Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; limiting reagent
  • Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation, and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer
  • Oxidation number concept; types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redox reactions in titrimetry

Chemistry: Unit 06


Thermodynamics
  • Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function
  • (a) Work (b) heat (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv
  • RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆U and ∆measurement of standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations
  • RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies 0for for different types of reactions
  • (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cH0), (b) enthalpy of 0atomization (∆aH0), phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy (∆bondH), (d) 0enthalpy of solution (∆solH) and dilution-lattice enthalpy; spontaneity
  • (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity?, (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics

Chemistry: Unit 07


Chemical equilibrium and acids-bases
  • Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems
  • Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria
  • Le-Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; ionisation of acids and bases
  • Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scale ionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases, factors affecting acid strength
  • Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer; solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
  • Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of ionic salts

Chemistry: Unit 08


Hydrogen and its compound
  • Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice
  • Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 09


S-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals)
  • Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides
  • Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate
  • Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium
  • Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses
  • Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals-oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium
  • Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium

Chemistry: Unit 10


p-block elements-group 13 (boron family)
  • General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane
  • Uses of boron, aluminium, and their compounds

Chemistry: Unit 11


p-block elements-group 14 (carbon family)
  • General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon
  • Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites

Chemistry: Unit 12


Environmental chemistry
  • Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2))
  • Global warming and green house effect; acid rain particulate pollutants-smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution
  • International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution-waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life
  • Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals

Chemistry: Unit 13


Organic chemistry-some basic principles and techniques, and hydrocarbons
  • General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism
  • Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions
  • Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect; electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds
  • Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds

Chemistry: Unit 14


Hydrocarbons
  • Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity
  • Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation (free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam, and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical)
  • Alkenes-methods of preparation; properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect)
  • Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions-acidic character of acetylene
  • Alkynes-addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides, and water. Polymerization
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance, and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity, and toxicity

Chemistry: Unit 15


Solid state
  • General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography
  • Crystal lattices and unit cells
  • Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell); close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions
  • Tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids; packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc, and in hcp, ccp lattice
  • Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids, types of point defects, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects; electrical properties, conduction of electricity in metals
  • Semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties

Chemistry: Unit 16


Solutions
  • Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid
  • Solubility: solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions
  • Raoult's law as a special case of Henry’s law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
  • Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnorma molar masses, Van't Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 17


Electrochemistry and chemical kinetics
  • Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction; conductance of electrolytic solutions
  • Electrochemistry: Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions, variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch's law
  • Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday’s laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy
  • Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction; integrated rate equations
  • Chemical kinetics: Zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst; collision theory of chemical reaction rates

Chemistry: Unit 18


Surface chemistry
  • Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase, applications of adsorption
  • Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters, and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis
  • Catalysis: Important features of solid catalysts-(a) activity (b) selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry
  • Colloids: Classification of colloids-classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium
  • Colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular, and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps, preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions
  • Colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-colligative properties, Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; coagulation, precipitation methods, coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids
  • Colloids: Emulsions; colloids around us, application of colloids

Chemistry: Unit 19


General principles of metallurgy
  • Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; thermodynamic principles of metallurgy
  • Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications, extraction of iron, copper, and zinc from their oxides; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction
  • Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolytic refining, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

Chemistry: Unit 20


P-block elements
  • Group-15 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation, properties, and uses; phosphorous halides
  • Group 15 elements: Oxoacids of phosphorous
  • Group-16 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides
  • Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-manufacture, properties, and uses
  • Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds-preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties (a) xenon-fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6
  • Group-18 elements: Preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 (b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures, uses of noble gases

Chemistry: Unit 21


D and f block elements and coordination compounds
  • d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series
  • d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties
  • d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals
  • d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block)-lanthanoids, electronic configuration
  • d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic, and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics, and comparison with lanthanoids
  • d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements
  • Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature
  • Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds
  • Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
  • Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds

Chemistry: Unit 22


Polymers
  • Classification of polymers, classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization
  • Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6-polyesters, terylene
  • Bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization-rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene, and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers
  • Number average and weight average molecular masses, poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-Nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin
  • Glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses

Chemistry: Unit 23


Biomolecules
  • Carbohydrates: Classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L configurations and (+), (-) notations of glucose, structure of fructose
  • Carbohydrates: Disaccharides-sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen, importance of carbohydrates
  • Proteins: Amino acids-natural amino acids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms, Zwitter ions
  • Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins
  • Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action
  • Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins, sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins
  • Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids
  • Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities

Chemistry: Unit 24


Chemistry in everyday life
  • Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure
  • Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets; drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes, (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets
  • Drugs and their classification: Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs-antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants
  • Drugs and their classification: Antifertility drugs; chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples

Chemistry: Unit 25


Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
  • Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond; methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides from alcohols, from hydrocarbons, (a) by free radical halogenation, (b) by electrophilic substitution
  • Methods of preparation: (c) By replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction), (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions; physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility
  • Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) Elimination reactions
  • Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution and, (iii) reaction with metals
  • Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 26


Organic compounds containing C, H, and O (alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids)
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols and, (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; physical properties of alcohols and phenols
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification, (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Dehydration and oxidation (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol)
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole)
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons, preparation of ketones-(1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones
  • Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkyl benzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents
  • Carboxylic acids: Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies
  • Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation
  • Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids

Chemistry: Unit 27


Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides
  • Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid
  • Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines(anilines)-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation
  • Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode, and fluoride ions
  • Diazonium salts: Replacement by ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds
  • Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides, and isocyanides
AP EAMCET 2025 B.Sc. 2025

Botany: Unit 01


Diversity in the living world
  • The living world: What is living? diversity in the living world; taxonomic categories and taxonomical aids
  • Biological classification: Five kingdom classification-monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia, three domains of life (six kingdom classification), viruses, viroids, prions, and lichens
  • Science of plants-botany: Origin, development, scope of botany, and branches of botany
  • Plant kingdom: Salient features, classification and alternation of generations of the plants of the following groups-algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

Botany: Unit 02


Structural organisation in plants-morphology
  • Morphology of flowering plants: Vegetative-parts of a typical angiospermic plant; vegetative morphology and modifications-root, stem, and leaf-types; venation, phyllotaxy
  • Morphology of flowering plants: Reproductive-inflorescence-racemose, cymose, and special types (in brief)
  • Morphology of flowering plants: Flower-parts of a flower and their detailed description; aestivation, placentation
  • Morphology of flowering plants: Fruits-types-true, false, and parthenocarpic fruits

Botany: Unit 03


Reproduction in plants
  • Modes of reproduction: A sexual reproduction, binary fission, sporulation, budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants, sexual reproduction-in brief, overview of angiosperm life cycle
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain. Pistil, megasporangium (ovule), and embryo sac; development of male and female gametophytes. Pollination-types, agents, out breeding devices and pollen-pistil interaction
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Double fertilization; post fertilisation events: Development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed, structure of dicotyledons and monocotyledons seeds, significance of fruit and seed
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony

Botany: Unit 04


Plant systematics
  • Taxonomy of angiosperms: Introduction. Types of systems of classification (in brief). Semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant. Description of families: Fabaceae, solanaceae, and liliaceae

Botany: Unit 05


Cell structure and function
  • Cell-the unit of life: Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, overview of the cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, ultra structure of plant cell (structure in detail and functions in brief), cell membrane, cell wall
  • Cell-the unit of life: Cell organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, golgi bodies, vacuoles, lysosomes, microbodies, centrosome and centriole, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton and nucleus
  • Cell-the unit of life: Chromosomes-number, structural organization; nucleosome
  • Biomolecules: Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
  • Cell cycle and cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis-significance

Botany: Unit 06


Internal organisation of plants
  • Histology and anatomy of flowering plants: Tissues-types, structure, and functions: Meristematic; permanent tissues-simple and complex tissues. Tissue systems-types, structure, and function: Epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems
  • Histology and anatomy of flowering plants: Anatomy of dicotyledons and monocotyledons plants-root, stem and leaf. Secondary growth in dicot stem and dicot root

Botany: Unit 07


Plant Ecology
  • Ecological adaptations, succession, and ecological services: Introduction. Plant communities and ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, mesophytes, and xerophytes. Plant succession
  • Ecological adaptations, succession, and ecological services: Ecological services-carbon fixation, oxygen release and pollination (in brief)

Botany: Unit 08


Plant physiology
  • Transport in plants: Means of transport-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive symports, and antiports, active transport, comparison of different transport processes, plant-water relations-water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis, imbibition
  • Transport in plants: Long distance transport of water-water movement up a plant, root pressure, transpiration pull, transpiration-opening and closing of stomata, transpiration and photosynthesis-a compromise, uptake and transport of mineral nutrients
  • Transport in plants: Uptake of mineral ions, translocation of mineral ions, phloem transport: Flow from source to sink-the pressure flow or mass flow hypothesis
  • Mineral nutrition: Methods to study the mineral requirements of plants, essential mineral elements-criteria for essentiality, macronutrients, micronutrients, role of macro-and micronutrients, deficiency symptoms of essential elements
  • Mineral nutrition: Toxicity of micronutrients, mechanism of absorption of elements, translocation of solutes, soil as reservoir of essential elements, metabolism of nitrogen-nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation
  • Mineral nutrition: Nodule formation
  • Enzymes: Chemical reactions, enzymatic conversions, nature of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, temperature and pH, concentration of substrate, classification and nomenclature of enzymes, cofactors
  • Photosynthesis in higher plants: Early experiments, site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis, light reaction, the electron transport-splitting of water, cyclic and non-cyclic photo phosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis
  • Photosynthesis in higher plants: Biosynthetic phase-the primary acceptor of CO2, the Calvin cycle, the C4 pathway, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis
  • Respiration of plants: Cellular respiration, glycolysis, fermentation, aerobic respiration-tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport system (ETS), and oxidative phosphorylation, the respiratory balance sheet, amphibolic pathway, respiratory quotient
  • Plant growth and development: Growth-plant growth, phases of growth, growth rates, conditions for growth, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, development, plant growth regulators-discovery
  • Plant growth and development: Physiological effects of plant growth regulators, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, seed dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalisation

Botany: Unit 09


Microbiology
  • Bacteria: Morphology of bacteria, bacterial cell structure-nutrition, reproduction-sexual reproduction, conjugation, transformation, transduction, the importance of bacteria to humans
  • Viruses: Discovery, classification of viruses, structure of viruses, multiplication of bacteriophages-the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, viral diseases in plants, viral diseases in humans

Botany: Unit 10


Genetics
  • Principles of inheritance and variation: Mendel's experiments, inheritance of one gene (monohybrid cross)-back cross and test cross, law of dominance, law of segregation or law of purity of gametes, deviations from Mendelian concept of dominance
  • Principles of inheritance and variation: Incomplete dominance, codominance, explanation of the concept of dominance, inheritance of two genes-law of independent assortment, chromosomal theory of inheritance, linkage and recombination, mutations
  • Principles of inheritance and variation: Significance of mutations

Botany: Unit 11


Molecular biology
  • Molecular basis of inheritance: The DNA-structure of polynucleotide chain, packaging of DNA helix, the search for genetic material, transforming principle, biochemical characterisation of transforming principle, the genetic material is DNA
  • Molecular basis of inheritance: Properties of genetic material (DNA versus RNA), RNA world, replication-the experimental proof, the machinery and the enzymes, transcription-transcription unit, transcription unit and the gene
  • Molecular basis of inheritance: Types of RNA and the process of transcription, genetic code-mutations and genetic code, tRNA-the adapter molecule, translation, regulation of gene expression-the lac operon

Botany: Unit 12


Biotechnology
  • Principles and processes of biotechnology: Principles of biotechnology, construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule, tools of recombinant DNA technology-restriction enzymes, cloning vectors
  • Principles and processes of biotechnology: Competent host (for transformation with recombinant DNA), processes of recombinant DNA technology, isolation of the genetic material (DNA), cutting of DNA at specific locations
  • Principles and processes of biotechnology: Separation and isolation of DNA fragments, insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, amplification of gene of interest using PCR, insertion of recombinant DNA into the host, cell/ organism
  • Principles and processes of biotechnology: Selection of transformed host cells, obtaining the foreign gene product, downstream processing
  • Biotechnology and its applications: Biotechnological applications in agriculture-BT cotton, pest resistant plants, other applications of biotechnology-insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting
  • Biotechnology and its applications: Biosafety and ethical issues, biopiracy

Botany: Unit 13


Plants, microbes, and human welfare
  • Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant breeding-what is plant breeding?, wheat and rice, sugarcane, millets, plant breeding for disease resistance, methods of breeding for disease resistance, mutation
  • Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests, plant breeding for improved food quality, single cell protein (SCP), tissue culture
  • Microbes in human welfare: Microbes in household products, microbes in industrial products-fermented beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules, microbes in sewage treatment, primary treatment
  • Microbes in human welfare: Secondary treatment or biological treatment, microbes in production of biogas, microbes as biocontrol agents, biological control of pests and diseases, microbes as biofertilisers, challenges posed by microbes

Zoology: Unit 01


Zoology-diversity of living world
  • What is life?; nature, scope, and meaning of zoology; branches of zoology; need for classification, zoos as tools for study of taxonomy; basic principles of classification: Biological system of classification-(phylogenetic classification only)
  • Levels or hierarchy of classification; nomenclature-Bi and trinomial; species concept; kingdom animalia; biodiversity-meaning and distribution, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity (alpha, beta, and gama)
  • Other attributes of biodiversity, role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN red data books, conservation of wild life in India-legislation, preservation, organisations, threatened species

Zoology: Unit 02


Structural organization in animals
  • Levels of organization, multicellularity: Diploblastic and triploblastic conditions; asymmetry, symmetry: Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry (brief account giving one example for each type from the representative phyla), acoelomates
  • Pseudocoelomates and eucoelomates: Schizo and entero coelomates (brief account of formation of coelom); tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

Zoology: Unit 03


Animal diversity-I: Invertebrate phyla
  • General characters-classification up to classes with two or three examples-(brief account only)
  • Porifera; cnidaria; ctenophora; platyhelminthes; nematoda; annelida (include earthworm as a type); arthropoda; mollusca; echinodermata; hemichordata

Zoology: Unit 04


Animal diversity-II: Phylum-chordata
  • General characters-classification up to classes-(brief account only with two or three examples)
  • Phylum: Chordata; sub phylum: Urochordata; sub phylum: Cephalochordata; sub phylum: Vertebrata; super class: Agnatha, class cyclostomata; super class: Gnathostomata, super class pisces, class: Chondricthyes, class: Osteichthyes, tetrapoda
  • Class: Amphibia (include frog as a type), class: Reptilia, class: Aves, class: Mammalia

Zoology: Unit 05


Locomotion and reproduction in protozoa
  • Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella and cilia (brief account giving two examples each); flagellar and ciliary movement
  • Effective and recovery strokes in euglena, synchronal and metachronal movements in paramecium; reproduction: Definition, types
  • Asexual reproduction: Transverse binary fission in paramecium and longitudinal binary fission in euglena
  • Multiple fission, sexual reproduction

Zoology: Unit 06


Biology and human welfare
  • Parasitism and parasitic adaptation; health and disease: Introduction life cycle, pathogenecity, treatment and prevention (brief account only) 1. entamoeba histolytica 2. plasmodium vivax 3. ascaris lumbricoides 4. wuchereria bancrofti
  • Brief account of pathogenicity, treatment and prevention of typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, and ring worm; drugs and alcohol abuse

Zoology: Unit 07


Type study of periplaneta Americana
  • Habitat and habits; external features; locomotion; digestive system; respiratory system; circulatory system; excretory system; nervous system-sense organs, structure of ommatidium; reproductive system

Zoology: Unit 08


Ecology and environment
  • Organisms and environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome and ecosphere (definitions only), ecosystem: Elementary aspects only, abiotic factors-light, temperature and water (biological effects only), ecological adaptations
  • Population interactions; ecosystems: Types, components, lake ecosystem; food chains, food web, productivity, and energy flow in ecosystem, ecological pyramids-pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy
  • Nutritient cycling-carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles (brief account); population attributes: Growth, natality, and mortality, age distribution, population regulation; environmental issues

Zoology: Unit 09


Human anatomy and physiology-I
  • Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, egestion, calorific value of proteins
  • Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats, nutritional disorders: Protein energy malnutrion (PEM), disorders of digestive system, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, kwashiorkor
  • Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiratory movements, respiratory volumes
  • Breathing and respiration: Respiratory disorders-asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, occupational respiratory disorders-asbestosis, silicosis, siderosis, black lung disease in coal miners

Zoology: Unit 10


Human anatomy and physiology-II
  • Body fluids and circulation: Clotting of blood; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity, disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension
  • Body fluids and circulation: Disorders system-coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
  • Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, human excretory system-structure of kidney and nephron; urine formation, osmoregulation, regulation of kidney function, renin, angiotensin
  • Excretory products and their elimination: Aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH, and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders: Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney

Zoology: Unit 11


Human anatomy and physiology-III
  • Muscular and skeletal system: Skeletal muscle-ultra structure; contractile proteins and contraction, skeletal system and its functions; joints
  • Muscular and skeletal system: Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, regormortis
  • Neural control and coordination: Nervous system in human beings, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs
  • Neural control and coordination: Brief description of other receptors; elementary structure and functioning of eye and ear

Zoology: Unit 12


Human anatomy and physiology-IV
  • Endocrine system and chemical coordination-endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action, role of hormones as messengers and regulators
  • Hypo and hyper activity and related disorders: Common disorders-dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome
  • Immune system: Basic concepts of immunology-types of immunity, innate immunity, acquired immunity, active and passive immunity, cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity, HIV and AIDS

Zoology: Unit 13


Human reproduction
  • Human reproductive system: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation
  • Human Reproductive System: Pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, lactation
  • Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
  • Reproductive Health: infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT

Zoology: Unit 14


Genetics
  • Heredity and variation
  • Mendel's laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster-grey, black body colour; long, vestigial wings), pleiotropy; multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups and Rh-factor; codominance (blood groups as example)
  • Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; skin colour in humans, sex-determination-in humans, birds, fumea, genic balance theory of sex determination, haplodiploidy in honey bees; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia and colorblindness
  • Mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia, haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria; chromosomal disorders-Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Kleinfilter syndrome; genome, human genome project and DNA finger printing

Zoology: Unit 15


Organic evolution
  • Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological, and molecular evidences)
  • Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin's theory of evolution-natural selection with example (Kettlewell's experiments on biston betularia), mutation theory of Hugo De Vries
  • Modern synthetic theory of evolution-Hardy Weinberg law, evolutionary forces; types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; variations (mutations and genetic recombination)
  • Adaptive radiation-viz, Darwin's finches and adaptive radiation in marsupials human evolution; speciation-allopatric, sympatric

Zoology: Unit 16


Applied biology
  • Apiculture, animal husbandry, pisciculture, poultry management, dairy management, animal breeding, biomedical technology, diagnostic imaging (X-ray, CT-scan, MRI), ECG, EEG, application of biotechnology in health, human insulin and vaccine production
  • Gene therapy; transgenic animals; ELISA; vaccines, MABs, cancer biology, stem cells

Physics: Unit 01


Physical world
  • Scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology, and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws

Physics: Unit 02


Units and measurements
  • Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances, size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy
  • Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures
  • Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations
  • Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities

Physics: Unit 03


Motion in a straight line
  • Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity

Physics: Unit 04


Motion in a plane
  • Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method
  • Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height
  • Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 05


Laws of motion
  • Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Newton's third law of motion, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction
  • Types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics

Physics: Unit 06


Work, energy, and power
  • Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy, the work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy
  • The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions
  • Elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions

Physics: Unit 07


Systems of particles and rotational motion
  • Introduction, rigid body motion, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, angular acceleration
  • Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments
  • Moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion

Physics: Unit 08


Oscillations
  • Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion
  • Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance

Physics: Unit 09


Gravitation
  • Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed
  • Orbital speed, earth satellites, energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness

Physics: Unit 10


Mechanical properties of solids
  • Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s Ratio
  • Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, applications of elastic behaviour of materials

Physics: Unit 11


Mechanical properties of fluids
  • Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, Archimedes' principle, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux, Torricelli's Law, Venturi-meter
  • Blood flow and heart attack, dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes' law, Reynolds number, critical velocity, surface tension and surface energy, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise
  • Detergents and surface tension

Physics: Unit 12


Thermal properties of matter
  • Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, triple point, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction
  • Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling and its experimental verification

Physics: Unit 13


Thermodynamics
  • Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity of water, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state
  • Thermodynamic processes, quasistatic process, isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes
  • Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem

Physics: Unit 14


Kinetic theory
  • Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity
  • Monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases, specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path

Physics: Unit 15


Waves
  • Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength, and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave
  • Speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats
  • Doppler effect: Source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both source and observer moving

Physics: Unit 16


Ray optics and optical instruments
  • Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications
  • Refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments
  • The eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope

Physics: Unit 17


Wave optics
  • Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect
  • Coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by scattering
  • Polarisation by reflection

Physics: Unit 18


Electric charges and fields
  • Introduction, electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field
  • Electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane
  • Physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, applications of Gauss's law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
  • Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell

Physics: Unit 19


Electrostatic potential and capacitance
  • Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges
  • Potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, electrostatic shielding
  • Dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor
  • Van De Graaff generator

Physics: Unit 20


Current electricity
  • Introduction, electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors
  • Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors-series and parallel
  • Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer

Physics: Unit 21


Moving charges and magnetism
  • Introduction, magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields
  • Velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors
  • The ampere (unit), torque on current loop, magneticdipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the moving coil galvanometer
  • Conversion into ammeter and voltmeter

Physics: Unit 22


Magnetism and matter
  • Introduction, the bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, the dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, magnetism and Gauss's law, the earth's magnetism, magnetic declination and dip
  • Magnetisation and magnetic intensity, susceptibility, magnetic properties of materials; diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets

Physics: Unit 23


Electromagnetic induction
  • Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration-a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance
  • Self inductance, AC generator

Physics: Unit 24


Alternating current
  • Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit
  • Phasor-diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations, transformers

Physics: Unit 25


Electromagnetic waves
  • Introduction, displacement current, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays
  • Electromagnetic spectrum: Gamma rays

Physics: Unit 26


Dual nature of radiation and matter
  • Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric Effect, Hertz's observations, Hallwachs and Lenard's observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current
  • Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation, energy quantum of radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell
  • Davisson and germer experiment

Physics: Unit 27


Atoms
  • Introduction, alpha particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck-Hertz experiment
  • The line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantization, laser light

Physics: Unit 28


Nuclei
  • Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, law of radioactive decay, alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, nuclear energy, fission
  • Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion

Physics: Unit 29


Semiconductors electronics: Materials, devices, and simple circuits
  • Introduction, classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, band theory of solids, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor
  • p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator
  • Optoelectronic junction devices, photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell
  • Junction transistor, structure and action, basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE-configuration), feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator
  • Digital electronics and logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND, and NOR gates, integrated circuits

Physics: Unit 30


Communication systems
  • Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave
  • Modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave

Chemistry: Unit 01


Atomic structure
  • Sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation; particle nature of electromagnetic radiation-Planck's quantum theory
  • Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles; dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  • Quantum mechanical model of an atom
  • Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms
  • Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 02


Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
  • Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100, electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
  • Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy
  • Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 03


Chemical bonding and molecular structure
  • Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds
  • Crystal structure of sodium chloride, general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
  • Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, types of overlapping, and nature of covalent bonds, strength of sigma and pi bonds
  • Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds; hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples; molecular orbital theory
  • Formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals, bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2
  • Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular, general properties of hydrogen bonds

Chemistry: Unit 04


States of matter: gases and liquids
  • Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases
  • Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules; behaviour of real gases
  • Deviation from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases; liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure
  • Viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 05


Stoichiometry
  • Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions
  • Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, examples; atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass
  • Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; limiting reagent
  • Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation, and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer
  • Oxidation number concept; types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redox reactions in titrimetry

Chemistry: Unit 06


Thermodynamics
  • Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function
  • (a) Work (b) heat (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv
  • RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆U and ∆measurement of standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations
  • RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies 0for for different types of reactions
  • (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cH0), (b) enthalpy of 0atomization (∆aH0), phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy (∆bondH), (d) 0enthalpy of solution (∆solH) and dilution-lattice enthalpy; spontaneity
  • (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity?, (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics

Chemistry: Unit 07


Chemical equilibrium and acids-bases
  • Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems
  • Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria
  • Le-Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; ionisation of acids and bases
  • Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scale ionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases, factors affecting acid strength
  • Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer; solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
  • Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of ionic salts

Chemistry: Unit 08


Hydrogen and its compound
  • Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice
  • Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 09


S-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals)
  • Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides
  • Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate
  • Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium
  • Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses
  • Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals-oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium
  • Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium

Chemistry: Unit 10


p-block elements-group 13 (boron family)
  • General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane
  • Uses of boron, aluminium, and their compounds

Chemistry: Unit 11


p-block elements-group 14 (carbon family)
  • General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon
  • Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites

Chemistry: Unit 12


Environmental chemistry
  • Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2))
  • Global warming and green house effect; acid rain particulate pollutants-smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution
  • International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution-waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life
  • Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals

Chemistry: Unit 13


Organic chemistry-some basic principles and techniques, and hydrocarbons
  • General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism
  • Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions
  • Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect; electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds
  • Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds

Chemistry: Unit 14


Hydrocarbons
  • Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity
  • Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation (free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam, and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical)
  • Alkenes-methods of preparation; properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect)
  • Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions-acidic character of acetylene
  • Alkynes-addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides, and water. Polymerization
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance, and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity, and toxicity

Chemistry: Unit 15


Solid state
  • General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography
  • Crystal lattices and unit cells
  • Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell); close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions
  • Tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids; packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc, and in hcp, ccp lattice
  • Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids, types of point defects, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects; electrical properties, conduction of electricity in metals
  • Semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties

Chemistry: Unit 16


Solutions
  • Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid
  • Solubility: solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions
  • Raoult's law as a special case of Henry’s law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
  • Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnorma molar masses, Van't Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 17


Electrochemistry and chemical kinetics
  • Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction; conductance of electrolytic solutions
  • Electrochemistry: Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions, variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch's law
  • Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday’s laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy
  • Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction; integrated rate equations
  • Chemical kinetics: Zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst; collision theory of chemical reaction rates

Chemistry: Unit 18


Surface chemistry
  • Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase, applications of adsorption
  • Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters, and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis
  • Catalysis: Important features of solid catalysts-(a) activity (b) selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry
  • Colloids: Classification of colloids-classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium
  • Colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular, and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps, preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions
  • Colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-colligative properties, Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; coagulation, precipitation methods, coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids
  • Colloids: Emulsions; colloids around us, application of colloids

Chemistry: Unit 19


General principles of metallurgy
  • Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; thermodynamic principles of metallurgy
  • Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications, extraction of iron, copper, and zinc from their oxides; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction
  • Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolytic refining, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

Chemistry: Unit 20


P-block elements
  • Group-15 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation, properties, and uses; phosphorous halides
  • Group 15 elements: Oxoacids of phosphorous
  • Group-16 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides
  • Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-manufacture, properties, and uses
  • Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds-preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties (a) xenon-fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6
  • Group-18 elements: Preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 (b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures, uses of noble gases

Chemistry: Unit 21


D and f block elements and coordination compounds
  • d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series
  • d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties
  • d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals
  • d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block)-lanthanoids, electronic configuration
  • d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic, and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics, and comparison with lanthanoids
  • d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements
  • Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature
  • Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds
  • Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
  • Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds

Chemistry: Unit 22


Polymers
  • Classification of polymers, classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization
  • Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6-polyesters, terylene
  • Bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization-rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene, and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers
  • Number average and weight average molecular masses, poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-Nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin
  • Glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses

Chemistry: Unit 23


Biomolecules
  • Carbohydrates: Classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L configurations and (+), (-) notations of glucose, structure of fructose
  • Carbohydrates: Disaccharides-sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen, importance of carbohydrates
  • Proteins: Amino acids-natural amino acids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms, Zwitter ions
  • Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins
  • Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action
  • Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins, sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins
  • Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids
  • Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities

Chemistry: Unit 24


Chemistry in everyday life
  • Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure
  • Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets; drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes, (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets
  • Drugs and their classification: Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs-antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants
  • Drugs and their classification: Antifertility drugs; chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples

Chemistry: Unit 25


Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
  • Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond; methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides from alcohols, from hydrocarbons, (a) by free radical halogenation, (b) by electrophilic substitution
  • Methods of preparation: (c) By replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction), (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions; physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility
  • Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) Elimination reactions
  • Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution and, (iii) reaction with metals
  • Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 26


Organic compounds containing C, H, and O (alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids)
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols and, (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; physical properties of alcohols and phenols
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification, (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Dehydration and oxidation (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol)
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole)
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons, preparation of ketones-(1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones
  • Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkyl benzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents
  • Carboxylic acids: Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies
  • Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation
  • Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids

Chemistry: Unit 27


Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides
  • Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid
  • Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines(anilines)-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation
  • Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode, and fluoride ions
  • Diazonium salts: Replacement by ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds
  • Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides, and isocyanides
AP EAMCET 2025 B.Pharma 2025

Botany: Unit 01


Diversity in the living world
  • The living world: What is living? diversity in the living world; taxonomic categories and taxonomical aids
  • Biological classification: Five kingdom classification-monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia, three domains of life (six kingdom classification), viruses, viroids, prions, and lichens
  • Science of plants-botany: Origin, development, scope of botany, and branches of botany
  • Plant kingdom: Salient features, classification and alternation of generations of the plants of the following groups-algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

Botany: Unit 02


Structural organisation in plants-morphology
  • Morphology of flowering plants: Vegetative-parts of a typical angiospermic plant; vegetative morphology and modifications-root, stem, and leaf-types; venation, phyllotaxy
  • Morphology of flowering plants: Reproductive-inflorescence-racemose, cymose, and special types (in brief)
  • Morphology of flowering plants: Flower-parts of a flower and their detailed description; aestivation, placentation
  • Morphology of flowering plants: Fruits-types-true, false, and parthenocarpic fruits

Botany: Unit 03


Reproduction in plants
  • Modes of reproduction: A sexual reproduction, binary fission, sporulation, budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants, sexual reproduction-in brief, overview of angiosperm life cycle
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain. Pistil, megasporangium (ovule), and embryo sac; development of male and female gametophytes. Pollination-types, agents, out breeding devices and pollen-pistil interaction
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Double fertilization; post fertilisation events: Development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed, structure of dicotyledons and monocotyledons seeds, significance of fruit and seed
  • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony

Botany: Unit 04


Plant systematics
  • Taxonomy of angiosperms: Introduction. Types of systems of classification (in brief). Semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant. Description of families: Fabaceae, solanaceae, and liliaceae

Botany: Unit 05


Cell structure and function
  • Cell-the unit of life: Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, overview of the cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, ultra structure of plant cell (structure in detail and functions in brief), cell membrane, cell wall
  • Cell-the unit of life: Cell organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, golgi bodies, vacuoles, lysosomes, microbodies, centrosome and centriole, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton and nucleus
  • Cell-the unit of life: Chromosomes-number, structural organization; nucleosome
  • Biomolecules: Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
  • Cell cycle and cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis-significance

Botany: Unit 06


Internal organisation of plants
  • Histology and anatomy of flowering plants: Tissues-types, structure, and functions: Meristematic; permanent tissues-simple and complex tissues. Tissue systems-types, structure, and function: Epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems
  • Histology and anatomy of flowering plants: Anatomy of dicotyledons and monocotyledons plants-root, stem and leaf. Secondary growth in dicot stem and dicot root

Botany: Unit 07


Plant Ecology
  • Ecological adaptations, succession, and ecological services: Introduction. Plant communities and ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, mesophytes, and xerophytes. Plant succession
  • Ecological adaptations, succession, and ecological services: Ecological services-carbon fixation, oxygen release and pollination (in brief)

Botany: Unit 08


Plant physiology
  • Transport in plants: Means of transport-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive symports, and antiports, active transport, comparison of different transport processes, plant-water relations-water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis, imbibition
  • Transport in plants: Long distance transport of water-water movement up a plant, root pressure, transpiration pull, transpiration-opening and closing of stomata, transpiration and photosynthesis-a compromise, uptake and transport of mineral nutrients
  • Transport in plants: Uptake of mineral ions, translocation of mineral ions, phloem transport: Flow from source to sink-the pressure flow or mass flow hypothesis
  • Mineral nutrition: Methods to study the mineral requirements of plants, essential mineral elements-criteria for essentiality, macronutrients, micronutrients, role of macro-and micronutrients, deficiency symptoms of essential elements
  • Mineral nutrition: Toxicity of micronutrients, mechanism of absorption of elements, translocation of solutes, soil as reservoir of essential elements, metabolism of nitrogen-nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation
  • Mineral nutrition: Nodule formation
  • Enzymes: Chemical reactions, enzymatic conversions, nature of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, temperature and pH, concentration of substrate, classification and nomenclature of enzymes, cofactors
  • Photosynthesis in higher plants: Early experiments, site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis, light reaction, the electron transport-splitting of water, cyclic and non-cyclic photo phosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis
  • Photosynthesis in higher plants: Biosynthetic phase-the primary acceptor of CO2, the Calvin cycle, the C4 pathway, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis
  • Respiration of plants: Cellular respiration, glycolysis, fermentation, aerobic respiration-tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport system (ETS), and oxidative phosphorylation, the respiratory balance sheet, amphibolic pathway, respiratory quotient
  • Plant growth and development: Growth-plant growth, phases of growth, growth rates, conditions for growth, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, development, plant growth regulators-discovery
  • Plant growth and development: Physiological effects of plant growth regulators, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, seed dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalisation

Botany: Unit 09


Microbiology
  • Bacteria: Morphology of bacteria, bacterial cell structure-nutrition, reproduction-sexual reproduction, conjugation, transformation, transduction, the importance of bacteria to humans
  • Viruses: Discovery, classification of viruses, structure of viruses, multiplication of bacteriophages-the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, viral diseases in plants, viral diseases in humans

Botany: Unit 10


Genetics
  • Principles of inheritance and variation: Mendel's experiments, inheritance of one gene (monohybrid cross)-back cross and test cross, law of dominance, law of segregation or law of purity of gametes, deviations from Mendelian concept of dominance
  • Principles of inheritance and variation: Incomplete dominance, codominance, explanation of the concept of dominance, inheritance of two genes-law of independent assortment, chromosomal theory of inheritance, linkage and recombination, mutations
  • Principles of inheritance and variation: Significance of mutations

Botany: Unit 11


Molecular biology
  • Molecular basis of inheritance: The DNA-structure of polynucleotide chain, packaging of DNA helix, the search for genetic material, transforming principle, biochemical characterisation of transforming principle, the genetic material is DNA
  • Molecular basis of inheritance: Properties of genetic material (DNA versus RNA), RNA world, replication-the experimental proof, the machinery and the enzymes, transcription-transcription unit, transcription unit and the gene
  • Molecular basis of inheritance: Types of RNA and the process of transcription, genetic code-mutations and genetic code, tRNA-the adapter molecule, translation, regulation of gene expression-the lac operon

Botany: Unit 12


Biotechnology
  • Principles and processes of biotechnology: Principles of biotechnology, construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule, tools of recombinant DNA technology-restriction enzymes, cloning vectors
  • Principles and processes of biotechnology: Competent host (for transformation with recombinant DNA), processes of recombinant DNA technology, isolation of the genetic material (DNA), cutting of DNA at specific locations
  • Principles and processes of biotechnology: Separation and isolation of DNA fragments, insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, amplification of gene of interest using PCR, insertion of recombinant DNA into the host, cell/ organism
  • Principles and processes of biotechnology: Selection of transformed host cells, obtaining the foreign gene product, downstream processing
  • Biotechnology and its applications: Biotechnological applications in agriculture-BT cotton, pest resistant plants, other applications of biotechnology-insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting
  • Biotechnology and its applications: Biosafety and ethical issues, biopiracy

Botany: Unit 13


Plants, microbes, and human welfare
  • Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant breeding-what is plant breeding?, wheat and rice, sugarcane, millets, plant breeding for disease resistance, methods of breeding for disease resistance, mutation
  • Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests, plant breeding for improved food quality, single cell protein (SCP), tissue culture
  • Microbes in human welfare: Microbes in household products, microbes in industrial products-fermented beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules, microbes in sewage treatment, primary treatment
  • Microbes in human welfare: Secondary treatment or biological treatment, microbes in production of biogas, microbes as biocontrol agents, biological control of pests and diseases, microbes as biofertilisers, challenges posed by microbes

Zoology: Unit 01


Zoology-diversity of living world
  • What is life?; nature, scope, and meaning of zoology; branches of zoology; need for classification, zoos as tools for study of taxonomy; basic principles of classification: Biological system of classification-(phylogenetic classification only)
  • Levels or hierarchy of classification; nomenclature-Bi and trinomial; species concept; kingdom animalia; biodiversity-meaning and distribution, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity (alpha, beta, and gama)
  • Other attributes of biodiversity, role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN red data books, conservation of wild life in India-legislation, preservation, organisations, threatened species

Zoology: Unit 02


Structural organization in animals
  • Levels of organization, multicellularity: Diploblastic and triploblastic conditions; asymmetry, symmetry: Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry (brief account giving one example for each type from the representative phyla), acoelomates
  • Pseudocoelomates and eucoelomates: Schizo and entero coelomates (brief account of formation of coelom); tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

Zoology: Unit 03


Animal diversity-I: Invertebrate phyla
  • General characters-classification up to classes with two or three examples-(brief account only)
  • Porifera; cnidaria; ctenophora; platyhelminthes; nematoda; annelida (include earthworm as a type); arthropoda; mollusca; echinodermata; hemichordata

Zoology: Unit 04


Animal diversity-II: Phylum-chordata
  • General characters-classification up to classes-(brief account only with two or three examples)
  • Phylum: Chordata; sub phylum: Urochordata; sub phylum: Cephalochordata; sub phylum: Vertebrata; super class: Agnatha, class cyclostomata; super class: Gnathostomata, super class pisces, class: Chondricthyes, class: Osteichthyes, tetrapoda
  • Class: Amphibia (include frog as a type), class: Reptilia, class: Aves, class: Mammalia

Zoology: Unit 05


Locomotion and reproduction in protozoa
  • Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella and cilia (brief account giving two examples each); flagellar and ciliary movement
  • Effective and recovery strokes in euglena, synchronal and metachronal movements in paramecium; reproduction: Definition, types
  • Asexual reproduction: Transverse binary fission in paramecium and longitudinal binary fission in euglena
  • Multiple fission, sexual reproduction

Zoology: Unit 06


Biology and human welfare
  • Parasitism and parasitic adaptation; health and disease: Introduction life cycle, pathogenecity, treatment and prevention (brief account only) 1. entamoeba histolytica 2. plasmodium vivax 3. ascaris lumbricoides 4. wuchereria bancrofti
  • Brief account of pathogenicity, treatment and prevention of typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, and ring worm; drugs and alcohol abuse

Zoology: Unit 07


Type study of periplaneta Americana
  • Habitat and habits; external features; locomotion; digestive system; respiratory system; circulatory system; excretory system; nervous system-sense organs, structure of ommatidium; reproductive system

Zoology: Unit 08


Ecology and environment
  • Organisms and environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome and ecosphere (definitions only), ecosystem: Elementary aspects only, abiotic factors-light, temperature and water (biological effects only), ecological adaptations
  • Population interactions; ecosystems: Types, components, lake ecosystem; food chains, food web, productivity, and energy flow in ecosystem, ecological pyramids-pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy
  • Nutritient cycling-carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles (brief account); population attributes: Growth, natality, and mortality, age distribution, population regulation; environmental issues

Zoology: Unit 09


Human anatomy and physiology-I
  • Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, egestion, calorific value of proteins
  • Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats, nutritional disorders: Protein energy malnutrion (PEM), disorders of digestive system, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, kwashiorkor
  • Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiratory movements, respiratory volumes
  • Breathing and respiration: Respiratory disorders-asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, occupational respiratory disorders-asbestosis, silicosis, siderosis, black lung disease in coal miners

Zoology: Unit 10


Human anatomy and physiology-II
  • Body fluids and circulation: Clotting of blood; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity, disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension
  • Body fluids and circulation: Disorders system-coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
  • Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, human excretory system-structure of kidney and nephron; urine formation, osmoregulation, regulation of kidney function, renin, angiotensin
  • Excretory products and their elimination: Aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH, and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders: Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney

Zoology: Unit 11


Human anatomy and physiology-III
  • Muscular and skeletal system: Skeletal muscle-ultra structure; contractile proteins and contraction, skeletal system and its functions; joints
  • Muscular and skeletal system: Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, regormortis
  • Neural control and coordination: Nervous system in human beings, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs
  • Neural control and coordination: Brief description of other receptors; elementary structure and functioning of eye and ear

Zoology: Unit 12


Human anatomy and physiology-IV
  • Endocrine system and chemical coordination-endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action, role of hormones as messengers and regulators
  • Hypo and hyper activity and related disorders: Common disorders-dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome
  • Immune system: Basic concepts of immunology-types of immunity, innate immunity, acquired immunity, active and passive immunity, cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity, HIV and AIDS

Zoology: Unit 13


Human reproduction
  • Human reproductive system: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation
  • Human Reproductive System: Pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, lactation
  • Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
  • Reproductive Health: infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT

Zoology: Unit 14


Genetics
  • Heredity and variation
  • Mendel's laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster-grey, black body colour; long, vestigial wings), pleiotropy; multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups and Rh-factor; codominance (blood groups as example)
  • Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; skin colour in humans, sex-determination-in humans, birds, fumea, genic balance theory of sex determination, haplodiploidy in honey bees; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia and colorblindness
  • Mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia, haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria; chromosomal disorders-Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Kleinfilter syndrome; genome, human genome project and DNA finger printing

Zoology: Unit 15


Organic evolution
  • Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological, and molecular evidences)
  • Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin's theory of evolution-natural selection with example (Kettlewell's experiments on biston betularia), mutation theory of Hugo De Vries
  • Modern synthetic theory of evolution-Hardy Weinberg law, evolutionary forces; types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; variations (mutations and genetic recombination)
  • Adaptive radiation-viz, Darwin's finches and adaptive radiation in marsupials human evolution; speciation-allopatric, sympatric

Zoology: Unit 16


Applied biology
  • Apiculture, animal husbandry, pisciculture, poultry management, dairy management, animal breeding, biomedical technology, diagnostic imaging (X-ray, CT-scan, MRI), ECG, EEG, application of biotechnology in health, human insulin and vaccine production
  • Gene therapy; transgenic animals; ELISA; vaccines, MABs, cancer biology, stem cells

Physics: Unit 01


Physical world
  • Scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology, and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws

Physics: Unit 02


Units and measurements
  • Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances, size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy
  • Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures
  • Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations
  • Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities

Physics: Unit 03


Motion in a straight line
  • Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity

Physics: Unit 04


Motion in a plane
  • Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method
  • Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height
  • Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 05


Laws of motion
  • Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Newton's third law of motion, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction
  • Types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics

Physics: Unit 06


Work, energy, and power
  • Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy, the work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy
  • The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions
  • Elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions

Physics: Unit 07


Systems of particles and rotational motion
  • Introduction, rigid body motion, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, angular acceleration
  • Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments
  • Moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion

Physics: Unit 08


Oscillations
  • Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion
  • Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance

Physics: Unit 09


Gravitation
  • Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed
  • Orbital speed, earth satellites, energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness

Physics: Unit 10


Mechanical properties of solids
  • Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s Ratio
  • Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, applications of elastic behaviour of materials

Physics: Unit 11


Mechanical properties of fluids
  • Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, Archimedes' principle, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux, Torricelli's Law, Venturi-meter
  • Blood flow and heart attack, dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes' law, Reynolds number, critical velocity, surface tension and surface energy, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise
  • Detergents and surface tension

Physics: Unit 12


Thermal properties of matter
  • Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, triple point, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction
  • Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling and its experimental verification

Physics: Unit 13


Thermodynamics
  • Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity of water, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state
  • Thermodynamic processes, quasistatic process, isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes
  • Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem

Physics: Unit 14


Kinetic theory
  • Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity
  • Monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases, specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path

Physics: Unit 15


Waves
  • Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength, and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave
  • Speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats
  • Doppler effect: Source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both source and observer moving

Physics: Unit 16


Ray optics and optical instruments
  • Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications
  • Refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments
  • The eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope

Physics: Unit 17


Wave optics
  • Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect
  • Coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by scattering
  • Polarisation by reflection

Physics: Unit 18


Electric charges and fields
  • Introduction, electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field
  • Electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane
  • Physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, applications of Gauss's law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
  • Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell

Physics: Unit 19


Electrostatic potential and capacitance
  • Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges
  • Potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, electrostatic shielding
  • Dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor
  • Van De Graaff generator

Physics: Unit 20


Current electricity
  • Introduction, electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors
  • Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors-series and parallel
  • Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer

Physics: Unit 21


Moving charges and magnetism
  • Introduction, magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields
  • Velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors
  • The ampere (unit), torque on current loop, magneticdipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the moving coil galvanometer
  • Conversion into ammeter and voltmeter

Physics: Unit 22


Magnetism and matter
  • Introduction, the bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, the dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, magnetism and Gauss's law, the earth's magnetism, magnetic declination and dip
  • Magnetisation and magnetic intensity, susceptibility, magnetic properties of materials; diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets

Physics: Unit 23


Electromagnetic induction
  • Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration-a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance
  • Self inductance, AC generator

Physics: Unit 24


Alternating current
  • Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit
  • Phasor-diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations, transformers

Physics: Unit 25


Electromagnetic waves
  • Introduction, displacement current, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays
  • Electromagnetic spectrum: Gamma rays

Physics: Unit 26


Dual nature of radiation and matter
  • Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric Effect, Hertz's observations, Hallwachs and Lenard's observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current
  • Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation, energy quantum of radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell
  • Davisson and germer experiment

Physics: Unit 27


Atoms
  • Introduction, alpha particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck-Hertz experiment
  • The line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantization, laser light

Physics: Unit 28


Nuclei
  • Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, law of radioactive decay, alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, nuclear energy, fission
  • Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion

Physics: Unit 29


Semiconductors electronics: Materials, devices, and simple circuits
  • Introduction, classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, band theory of solids, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor
  • p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator
  • Optoelectronic junction devices, photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell
  • Junction transistor, structure and action, basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE-configuration), feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator
  • Digital electronics and logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND, and NOR gates, integrated circuits

Physics: Unit 30


Communication systems
  • Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave
  • Modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave

Chemistry: Unit 01


Atomic structure
  • Sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation; particle nature of electromagnetic radiation-Planck's quantum theory
  • Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles; dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
  • Quantum mechanical model of an atom
  • Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms
  • Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 02


Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
  • Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100, electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
  • Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy
  • Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 03


Chemical bonding and molecular structure
  • Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds
  • Crystal structure of sodium chloride, general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
  • Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, types of overlapping, and nature of covalent bonds, strength of sigma and pi bonds
  • Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds; hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples; molecular orbital theory
  • Formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals, bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2
  • Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular, general properties of hydrogen bonds

Chemistry: Unit 04


States of matter: gases and liquids
  • Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases
  • Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules; behaviour of real gases
  • Deviation from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases; liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure
  • Viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 05


Stoichiometry
  • Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions
  • Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, examples; atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass
  • Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; limiting reagent
  • Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation, and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer
  • Oxidation number concept; types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redox reactions in titrimetry

Chemistry: Unit 06


Thermodynamics
  • Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function
  • (a) Work (b) heat (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv
  • RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆U and ∆measurement of standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations
  • RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies 0for for different types of reactions
  • (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cH0), (b) enthalpy of 0atomization (∆aH0), phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy (∆bondH), (d) 0enthalpy of solution (∆solH) and dilution-lattice enthalpy; spontaneity
  • (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity?, (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics

Chemistry: Unit 07


Chemical equilibrium and acids-bases
  • Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems
  • Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria
  • Le-Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; ionisation of acids and bases
  • Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scale ionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases, factors affecting acid strength
  • Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer; solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
  • Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of ionic salts

Chemistry: Unit 08


Hydrogen and its compound
  • Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice
  • Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 09


S-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals)
  • Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides
  • Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate
  • Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium
  • Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses
  • Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals-oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium
  • Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium

Chemistry: Unit 10


p-block elements-group 13 (boron family)
  • General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane
  • Uses of boron, aluminium, and their compounds

Chemistry: Unit 11


p-block elements-group 14 (carbon family)
  • General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon
  • Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites

Chemistry: Unit 12


Environmental chemistry
  • Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2))
  • Global warming and green house effect; acid rain particulate pollutants-smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution
  • International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution-waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life
  • Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals

Chemistry: Unit 13


Organic chemistry-some basic principles and techniques, and hydrocarbons
  • General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism
  • Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions
  • Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect; electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds
  • Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds

Chemistry: Unit 14


Hydrocarbons
  • Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity
  • Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation (free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam, and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical)
  • Alkenes-methods of preparation; properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect)
  • Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions-acidic character of acetylene
  • Alkynes-addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides, and water. Polymerization
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance, and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity, and toxicity

Chemistry: Unit 15


Solid state
  • General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography
  • Crystal lattices and unit cells
  • Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell); close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions
  • Tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids; packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc, and in hcp, ccp lattice
  • Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids, types of point defects, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects; electrical properties, conduction of electricity in metals
  • Semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties

Chemistry: Unit 16


Solutions
  • Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid
  • Solubility: solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions
  • Raoult's law as a special case of Henry’s law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
  • Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnorma molar masses, Van't Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 17


Electrochemistry and chemical kinetics
  • Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction; conductance of electrolytic solutions
  • Electrochemistry: Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions, variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch's law
  • Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday’s laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy
  • Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction; integrated rate equations
  • Chemical kinetics: Zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst; collision theory of chemical reaction rates

Chemistry: Unit 18


Surface chemistry
  • Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase, applications of adsorption
  • Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters, and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis
  • Catalysis: Important features of solid catalysts-(a) activity (b) selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry
  • Colloids: Classification of colloids-classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium
  • Colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular, and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps, preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions
  • Colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-colligative properties, Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; coagulation, precipitation methods, coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids
  • Colloids: Emulsions; colloids around us, application of colloids

Chemistry: Unit 19


General principles of metallurgy
  • Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; thermodynamic principles of metallurgy
  • Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications, extraction of iron, copper, and zinc from their oxides; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction
  • Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolytic refining, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

Chemistry: Unit 20


P-block elements
  • Group-15 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation, properties, and uses; phosphorous halides
  • Group 15 elements: Oxoacids of phosphorous
  • Group-16 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides
  • Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-manufacture, properties, and uses
  • Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds-preparation, properties, and uses
  • Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties (a) xenon-fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6
  • Group-18 elements: Preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 (b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures, uses of noble gases

Chemistry: Unit 21


D and f block elements and coordination compounds
  • d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series
  • d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties
  • d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals
  • d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block)-lanthanoids, electronic configuration
  • d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic, and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics, and comparison with lanthanoids
  • d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements
  • Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature
  • Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds
  • Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
  • Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds

Chemistry: Unit 22


Polymers
  • Classification of polymers, classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization
  • Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6-polyesters, terylene
  • Bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization-rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene, and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers
  • Number average and weight average molecular masses, poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-Nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin
  • Glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses

Chemistry: Unit 23


Biomolecules
  • Carbohydrates: Classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L configurations and (+), (-) notations of glucose, structure of fructose
  • Carbohydrates: Disaccharides-sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen, importance of carbohydrates
  • Proteins: Amino acids-natural amino acids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms, Zwitter ions
  • Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins
  • Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action
  • Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins, sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins
  • Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids
  • Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities

Chemistry: Unit 24


Chemistry in everyday life
  • Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure
  • Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets; drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes, (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets
  • Drugs and their classification: Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs-antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants
  • Drugs and their classification: Antifertility drugs; chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples

Chemistry: Unit 25


Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
  • Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond; methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides from alcohols, from hydrocarbons, (a) by free radical halogenation, (b) by electrophilic substitution
  • Methods of preparation: (c) By replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction), (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions; physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility
  • Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) Elimination reactions
  • Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution and, (iii) reaction with metals
  • Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 26


Organic compounds containing C, H, and O (alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids)
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols and, (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; physical properties of alcohols and phenols
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification, (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Dehydration and oxidation (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol)
  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole)
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons, preparation of ketones-(1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones
  • Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkyl benzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents
  • Carboxylic acids: Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies
  • Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation
  • Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids

Chemistry: Unit 27


Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides
  • Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid
  • Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines(anilines)-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation
  • Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode, and fluoride ions
  • Diazonium salts: Replacement by ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds
  • Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides, and isocyanides

The authorities will release the AP EAPCET 2025 mock test for the candidates appearing in the exam. AP EAMCET 2025 mock tests will be accessible without any credentials. The mock tests are based on the exam pattern, so the candidates can self-evaluate their preparation level for the AP EAMCET 2025. Various options like marking answers, leaving them for review, and skipping the question will be present in the mock test of AP EAMCET 2025.

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The below mentioned preparation tips of AP EAMCET 2025 must be checked by the appearing candidates to crack the examination.

  • Know beforehand the exam pattern and syllabus of AP EAMCET completely to not miss any important detail.
  • Create a study plan to distribute more weightage on important topics and clear all doubts related to them in advance. 
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  • Create short notes while studying. Short notes help to quickly revise the important terms during exam days. 
  • Practice mock tests/sample papers and previous year question papers to know the preparation level of AP EAMCET. 

The authority will issue the AP EAMCET 2025 admit card on the official website. The registered candidates can download the hall ticket of AP EAMCET 2025 online. To download the AP EAPCET admit card 2025 candidates will have to provide the required credentials. No candidate will be allowed to enter the examination hall if he/she fails to bring the admit card of AP EAPCET 2025 along with them. 

AP EAMCET 2025 admit card will consist of details like the candidate’s name, roll number, examination date and timing along with the exam centre name and address. All the exam day guidelines will be available on this admit card. 

How To Download Admit Card 2025

  • Open the official website of AP EAMCET 
  • Click on the “ Admit Card 2025” link.
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Note: Take 2 printouts of the AP EAMCET admit card 2025 and save it for future reference.

Candidates must check the details mentioned in the AP EAMCET admit card 2025. In case of any discrepancy in the details of the admit card, the authorities shall be contacted immediately. 

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The AP EAPCET 2025 admit card will contain many details such as the candidate's name, address of the allotted exam centre, date and time of examination, date of birth, mobile number, category details, gender, registration number, candidate's photograph, signature, and much more. AP EAMCET 2025 applicants are advised to check all the details present in the hall ticket carefully and should contact the authorities in case of any error or discrepancy.   

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The AP EAMCET 2025 answer key is expected to be released in May 2025. The authority will update the answer key link on the official website. Candidates can use the AP EAMCET 2025 answer key to compare their answers and calculate their expected score in the exam. However, these scores are only an approximation and may change once the final answer key is released.

How To Download Answer Key 2025

  • Open the official website of Andhra Pradesh EAMCET
  • Click on the “AP EAPCET  Answer Key 2025” link.
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  • Take the printout of this answer key 
  • Verify your answers. 
  • Calculate your expected scores.

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The authority will announce the AP EAMCET 2025 result on the official website. Candidates who appeared for the entrance exam can check their results using the AP EAMCET 2025 login credentials. The candidates will be offered admission to the institutes based on their AP EAMCET 2025 results. 

How To Download Result 2025

  • Visit the official website 
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NOTE: Separate merit lists will be prepared based on the course the student has applied to.

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AP EAMCET 2024 Engineering Topper List

RankTopper's NameMarksDistrict
1MAKINENI JISHNU SAI
97.0022
Guntur
2MURASANI SAI YASHWANTH REDDY
96.8358
Kurnool
3BHOGALAPALLI SANDESH
96.4285
Kurnool
4PALAGIRI SATHISH REDDY
96.0330
Anathapur
5KOMATINENI MANISH CHOUDARY
95.3305
Guntur
6EPPA LAXMI NARASIMHA REDDY
95.2584
Siddipet
7GOLLA LEKHA HARSHAA
95.1121
Kurnool
8PUTTI KUSHAL KUMAR
94.3563
Anantapur
9PARAMARADHYULA SUSHANTH
94.2113
Hanumakonda
10KOMIRISHETTY PRABHAS93.9100Prakash

AP EAMCET 2024 Toppers - Agriculture Stream

S.NoToppers nameMarksDistrict
1YELLU SRISHANTH REDDY
93.4463
Hyd
2POOLA DIVYA TEJA
92.9278
Talupula
3VADLAPUDI MUKHESH CHOWDARY
92.7966
Tirupati
4PERA SATHVIK
92.6212
Chittor
5ALOOR PRANEETHA
91.8895
Madanapalli
6GATTU BHANUTEJA SAI
91.4172

Anatapur

7PENNAMADA NEEHARIKA REDDY
90.9382
Hyderabad
8SAMBANGI MANO ABHIRAM
90.6581
Visakhapatnam
9SARAGADAM PAVANI
90.4518
Visakhapatnam
10NAGUDASARI RADHA KRISHNA
90.3378
Parvatipuram

AP EAMCET 2023 Topper - Engineering Stream

RankTopper's NameMarks
1Burugupalli Satya Raja Jaswanth152
2Bora Varun Chakravarthy151
3Konni Raja Kumar151
4Balisetti Sai Abhinav149
5Durgapudi Karthikeya Reddy150
6Rajeshwari Konchuru149
7Tadi Sai Venkata Yaswanth Naidu148
8Chupudi Keerthi147
9Poppuru Ashish148
10Deragulla Abhijit Sai147

AP EAMCET 2021 statistics

Particulars

Details

Total number of candidates appeared for AP EAMCET engineering exam 2021

1,66,460

Total number of candidates qualified for AP EAMCET 2021 engineering

1,34,205

Total number of male candidates appeared

1,00,007

Total number of male candidates qualified

79,221

Total number of female candidates appeared

66,453

Total number of female candidates qualified

54,984

Qualified Percentage

80.62%

AP EAMCET results 2021 - Statistics Comparison

AC YEAR

CET

Branch

Registered

Appeared

Qualified

Qualified Percentage

2021-22

APEAPCET

ENG

176586

166460

134205

80.62

2020-21

APEAMCET

ENG

185936

156953

133066

84.78

2020-21

APEAMCET

MED

87652

75858

69616

91.77

2019-20

APEAMCET

ENG

195719

185711

133003

71.61

2019-20

APEAMCET

MED

86986

81916

65910

80.46

2018-19

APEAMCET

ENG

199325

190922

133288

69.81

2018-19

APEAMCET

MED

76748

73373

61463

83.76

AP EAMCET 2021: Registration Statistics

Particulars

Statistics

Total number of students registered

2,59,688

Number of students registered for engineering stream

1,75,868

Number of students registered for agriculture stream

83,102

Candidates opted for both stream

718

Total number of female candidates

1,26,216

Total number of male candidates

1,33,472

Student Attendance Gender wise Category wise (Engineering)

CategoryENGINEERING & PHARMACY

Qualified %
RegisteredAppearedQualified
MFTotalMFTotalMFTotal
OC38822295706839236296279436423928018228115082979.12
BC-A1223269061913811608653518143842749581338573.78
BC-B153051000225307145329468250001113375891872274.89
BC-C56337293552834987740628268878.45
BC-D1947111754312251848611162296481410989132302277.65
BC-E51692722789149512600775135222035555771.69
SC120687754198221135971881854711359718818547100
ST246814083876224712083455224712083455100
Total1060987048817658610000766453166460792215498413420580.62


The AP EAMCET cut off consists of the minimum marks required to qualify the exam and be eligible for securing a seat in the institutes accepting scores of AP EAMCET. However, the cutoff will institute-wise and course-wise vary. Factors like availability of seats, difficulty level of exam, number of applicants who applied etc will be considered to determine the cutoff of AP EAMCET 2025.

AP EAMCET Cut Off - Previous Year's

Candidates can check the previous year's cutoff of AP EAMCET for reference purposes. 

S.No.

Cutoffs

1AP EAMCET 2022 Cutoff
2AP EAMCET 2019 Cutoff

3

AP EAMCET 2018 Cutoff

4

AP EAMCET 2017 Cutoff

5

AP EAMCET 2016 Cutoff

The authority will release the AP EAPCET 2025 counselling schedule online. The AP EAMCET 2025 counselling will be held in online mode. Candidates who qualify for the entrance exam and individually clear the cutoff are eligible for counselling and the seat allotment process.

Candidates have to individually apply to participating institutes as per preference. Each participating institute will create its merit list and will invite candidates for the counselling process. However, if any candidate does not meet the eligibility criteria for admission through AP EAMCET 2025, then such a candidate will be disqualified during any stage of the admission process. The institute holds all the rights to cancel any admission form if the supported documents are not correct.

Documents Required at AP EAMCET 2025 counselling

Andhra Pradesh Engineering Agriculture and Medical Common Entrance Test 2025

  • AP EAMCET 2025 hall ticket
  • AP EAMCET 2025 rank card
  • SSC/intermediate or equivalent marks memo
  • Study/bonafide certificate from III to X class and intermediate (10+2)
  • Caste certificate of SC/ST/BC/minorities (if applicable)
  • Income certificate (if applicable)
  • PH/NCC/CAP/sports and games certificates (if applicable)
  • Transfer certificate

General Information

Contacts

08842340535 + 3 more

Relevant Links

Official Website Link Click Here
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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What happens when two or more candidates secure same marks in AP EAMCET 2025?

If two or more candidates secure the same marks in the qualifying examination, the authorities will use the following te breaking rule:

  • Candidates with higher total marks with being given a higher rank. 
  • If a tie persists, a candidate having high marks in Mathematics will be considered. 
  • If a tie is still not resolved, marks of Physics will be considered. 
  • If a tie still persists, a candidate with a higher percentage of aggregate marks in the qualifying exam will be given a higher rank.
  • Finally, candidate older in age will be given a higher rank.
2. What is the marking scheme of AP EAMCET 2025?

For every correct answer, one mark will be allotted. There is no negative marking. 

3. What will be the mode of AP EAMCET counselling?

The counselling of AP EAMCET 2025 will be held in online mode. 

4. How will the AP EAMCET 2025 seat allotment be done?

The authorities will allot seats to the candidates after the counselling on the basis of merit, preferred choices, and availability of seats. 

5. Can I fill EAMCET 2025 application form after last date?

No, the authorities will allow filling the EAPCET application form after the last date by paying an additional late fee.

6. When will the authorities release the AP EAMCET 2025 admit card?

The AP EAMCET 2025 admit card is expected to be issued in the first week of May 2025.

7. What is the selection process of AP EAMCET 2025?

The qualified candidates have to participate in the counselling of AP EAPCET. Allotment of seats is based on merit, preferences, category, and availability of seats.

8. What is the question distribution of AP EAMCET 2025?

The questions of AP EAMCET 2025 will be divided into three sections:

  • Physics - 40 Questions
  • Chemistry - 40 Questions
  • Mathematics - 80 Questions
9. I made a mistake while filling out the qualifying exam hall ticket number. Can I correct it during the correction facility.

Correction of qualifying exam hall ticket number during the correction period will not be allowed. However, the candidates can send in a written request along with documented proof to the Convenor, AP EAPCET 2025. 

10. I do not have a domicile of Andhra Pradesh/Telangana. Will I be eligible for AP EAMCET?

Candidates who do not meet the domicile requirements of Andhra Pradesh/Telangana will not be able to get admissions through AP EAMCET.

11. When is the AP EAMCET 2025 registration process expected to start?

The AP EAMCET 2025 registration process is expected to start in the second week of March 2025.

E-books and Sample Papers

Colleges Accepting AP EAMCET

Questions related to AP EAMCET

Have a question related to AP EAMCET ?

SRM AP accept AP EAMCET score for admission to b.tech courses . Other than university conduct its own entrance exam SRMJEE. Also university gives direct admission to candidates with rank upto 100 in IIT JEE MAINS or advanced. Other than the entrance exam, candidates must fulfill basic Eligibility criteria with a minimum of 60% marks in class 12th with science stream.

For more details about SRM AP university, you can visit career 360 website

https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.careers360.com%2Fexams%2Fap-eamcet&utm_campaign=aga&utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4


Though it is unfortunate that the details of income have been wrongly fed into the application form, you are still allowed to correct this during counselling itself. Here's what you can do:


Assemble Required Documents


Income Certificate: Get an income certificate from the concerned authority, either the employer of your parents or the concerned revenue department.

Salary Slips: Collect latest salary slips of your parents to prove their income.

Other Supporting Documents: Any other documents that you feel will back your claim of being part of the low-income family.

Hand in Your Documents During Counseling:


In the counseling process, you should present these documents to the authorities. You can clearly state the error that occurred in the application form and give the correct details of your income .

Be prepared with any related queries regarding your family's income and provide proof accordingly.

Be True and Transparent:


Honesty is the best policy. Let them know the mistake and prove every paper.

The authorities will see your case and then take suitable action

Do not forget to do

Not panicking

Make all your documents ready.

Be patient and cooperate with the counselor

With this you should be able to rectify the wrong income and prove eligibility for the desired college seat.

Hello student,

With a 22,000 rank in AP EAMCET , admission to Pharm D in top government colleges might be difficult, as these programs usually have high demand and limited seats. However, you still have a chance in private or self-financed colleges , especially if your rank falls within their cutoff range. If you belong to a reserved category (like BC, SC, or ST) or come from a rural area, you may have better chances due to category-specific seats.

In later counseling rounds, seat availability can fluctuate, increasing your chances, as some students may opt out or choose other programs. Keeping an eye on spot admissions and management quota seats in private colleges might also help if regular counseling doesn’t offer a spot.


I would recommend you to use AP EAMCET college predictor tool by Careers360 to get the list of possible colleges you can get with your rank.

Here is the link to the tool:

https://www.careers360.com/ap-eamcet-college-predictor?utm_source=qna&utm_medium=ini-cet_cp

Click on the above link, fill the required details and you will get the list of possible colleges at your rank.


I hope this answer helps you. If you have more queries then feel free to share your questions with us we will be happy to assist you.

Thank you and wishing you all the best for your bright future.


Unfortunately, with a rank of 22545 in the AP EAMCET, securing a seat in a Pharmacy D program, especially in a government college, might be challenging.

The cutoff ranks for Pharmacy D programs vary each year, and they tend to be lower for government colleges compared to private colleges. However, a rank of 22545 might not be sufficient to secure a seat in a government college, particularly in the BC-D category.

Here are some options you might consider:

  1. Private Colleges: You might have better chances of securing a seat in a private pharmacy college. However, these colleges often have higher fees.
  2. Other Paramedical Courses: Consider other paramedical courses like B.Sc. Nursing, B.Sc. Medical Laboratory Technology, or B.Pharm, which might have lower cutoff ranks and better chances of admission.
  3. Explore Other States: You might consider applying to colleges in other states, where the competition and cutoff ranks might be lower.

To get a more accurate assessment of your chances, I recommend the following:

  1. Consult with an Academic Counselor: An academic counselor can provide you with personalized advice based on your rank and category.
  2. Check the Official Website: Visit the official website of the APSCHE (Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education) to get the latest information on cutoff ranks and seat allotment procedures.
  3. Participate in the Counseling Process: Actively participate in the counseling process and choose your college and course preferences carefully.

Hello

The eligibility for admission to the BSc Agriculture (Ag BSc) course at Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) through the AP EAMCET (Engineering, Agriculture and Medical Common Entrance Test) is generally determined by the cutoff ranks for each year .

These cutoffs  based on several factors including the total number of applicants , seat availability and reservation quotas .

Here's some points to consider for admission :

1. Reservation Category (BC-B): Since the student belongs to the BC-B category, she will have some reservation benefits as per the government quota .

2. Female Reservation: In some institutions , there may also be additional reservations or relaxed cutoffs for female candidates . If ANGRAU follows this , it might further enhance your  chances of securing a seat .

3. Your Rank Analysis (11532): For highly competitive courses like Ag BSc , cutoff ranks can be stringent . The closing rank for the BC-B category for the Ag BSc course can vary , but in previous years , it has sometimes ranged between 8,000 and 15,000 for top colleges under ANGRAU. since your rank is 11532 , it places her within a reasonable range .

Refer to ANGRAU’s previous year cutoff ranks , which are often available on their official website or through the AP EAMCET counseling portal .

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