Banasthali University Aptitude Test 2025 - Application Form (Out), Exam Dates, Pattern, Result

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws, Dalton's law of partial pressure, concept of absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation, kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); liquid states: Properties of liquids-vapour pressure
• Liquid states: Viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
• Solid state: Classification of solids (elementary idea), unit cell and lattices, packing in solids; (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids, electrical, magnetic, and dielectric properties
• Liquid crystals and unusual properties of water

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature of matter, De Broglie relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 03

• lonic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VWEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory-its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order
• Bond length and bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding, hydrogen bonding and its applications

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
• First law of thermodynamics-concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition
• Hydration, ionization, and solution

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law-ideal and non ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition
• Plots for ideal and non ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point, and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria and ionization constants, Ionization of water, pH scale
• Common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)
• Catalysis-homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity, and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valency, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 10

• General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical, and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships

Chemistry: Unit 11

• General introduction, electronic configuration, diagonal relationships and general trends in physical, and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups, unique behaviour of the first element in each group

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Transition elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour
• Catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; inner transition elements: Lanthanides-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanide contraction

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Trivial and IUPAC Nomenclature of organic compounds

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Covalent bond fission-homolytic and heterolytic: Free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond-inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance, and hyper conjugation
• Common types of organic reactions-substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions, alkanes-conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes-geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization
• Alkynes-acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides; polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity; mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 17

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions

Chemistry: Unit 18

• General methods of preparation, properties and reactions and uses of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehyde, and ketones
• Carboxylic acid: Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Chemistry: Unit 19

• General methods of preparation and properties, reactions of amines, diazonium salts

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Geometrical isomerism and conformations, optical activity, specific rotation, chirality-chiral objects, chiral molecules, compounds containing one chiral centre, enantiomers, D-L and R-S nomenclature, racemic forms, racemisation
• Compounds containing two chiral centers, diastereoisomers, mesoform

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Carbohydrates, aldoses, and ketoses, monosaccharides like (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose and maltose), and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
• Proteins-elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypetides; protein: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins-classification and functions
• Nucleic acids-chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
• Biological functions of nucleic acids

Chemistry: Unit 22

• Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite

Mathematics: Unit 01

• Complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, roots of complex numbers, geometric interpretations; theory of quadratic equations
• Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions, relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, equations reducible to quadratic equations; arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic progressions, arithmetic
• Geometric and harmonic means, arithmetico-geometric series, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers; logarithms and their properties; exponential series
• Permutations and combinations, permutations as an arrangement and combination as selection, simple applications; binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients

Mathematics: Unit 02

• Matrices and determinants of order two or three, properties and evaluation of determinants, addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrices, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables; sets
• Relations, and functions, algebra of sets applications, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings; mathematical Induction, linear inequalities, solution of linear inequalities in one and two variables

Mathematics: Unit 03

• Trigonometric ratios, functions and identities, solution of trigonometric equations; properties of triangles and solutions of triangles; inverse trigonometric functions; heights and distances

Mathematics: Unit 04

• Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin; straight lines and pair of straight lines: Equation of of straight lines in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line
• Lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrent lines; circles and family of circles: Equation of circle in various form, equation of tangent, normal, and chord
• Circles and family of circles: Parametric equations of a circle, intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of circle through point of intersection of two circles, conditions for two intersecting circles to be orthogonal
• Conic sections: Parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola, their eccentricity, directrices, and foci, parametric forms, equations of tangent and normal, conditions for y=mx+c to be a tangent, and point of tangency

Mathematics: Unit 05

• Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space and skew lines; angle between two lines whose direction ratios are given; equation of a plane distance of a point from a plane, condition for coplanarity of three lines

Mathematics: Unit 06

• Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products of two vectors, scalar triple products, and their geometrical interpretations

Mathematics: Unit 07

• Domain and range of a real valued function, limits and continuity of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions
• Differentiability: Derivative of different types of functions (polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential; logarithmic, implicit functions), derivative of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions, chain rule
• Geometric interpretation of derivative, tangents and normals; increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of a function; Rolle's theorem, mean value theorem, and intermediate value theorem

Mathematics: Unit 08

• Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions; methods of integration: Integration by substitution, integration by parts, integration by partial fractions, and integration by trigonometric identities
• Definite integrals and their properties, fundamental theorem of integral calculus and its applications; application of definite integrals to the determination of areas of regions bounded by simple curves

Mathematics: Unit 09

• Variables separable method; solution of homogeneous differential equations; linear first order differential equations

Mathematics: Unit 10

• Addition and multiplication rules of probability; conditional probability; independent events, discrete random variables, and distributions

Mathematics: Unit 11

• Measures of dispersion; measures of skewness and central tendency

Mathematics: Unit 12

• Formulation of linear programming; solution of linear programming using graphical method

Logical reasoning: Unit 01

• Analogy, classification, series completion, logical deduction, chart logic

Logical reasoning: Unit 02

• Pattern recognition, analysis, rule detection

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws, Dalton's law of partial pressure, concept of absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation, kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); liquid states: Properties of liquids-vapour pressure
• Liquid states: Viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
• Solid state: Classification of solids (elementary idea), unit cell and lattices, packing in solids; (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids, electrical, magnetic, and dielectric properties
• Liquid crystals and unusual properties of water

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature of matter, De Broglie relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 03

• lonic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VWEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory-its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order
• Bond length and bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding, hydrogen bonding and its applications

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
• First law of thermodynamics-concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition
• Hydration, ionization, and solution

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law-ideal and non ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition
• Plots for ideal and non ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point, and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria and ionization constants, Ionization of water, pH scale
• Common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)
• Catalysis-homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity, and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valency, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 10

• General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical, and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships

Chemistry: Unit 11

• General introduction, electronic configuration, diagonal relationships and general trends in physical, and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups, unique behaviour of the first element in each group

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Transition elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour
• Catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; inner transition elements: Lanthanides-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanide contraction

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Trivial and IUPAC Nomenclature of organic compounds

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Covalent bond fission-homolytic and heterolytic: Free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond-inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance, and hyper conjugation
• Common types of organic reactions-substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions, alkanes-conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes-geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization
• Alkynes-acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides; polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity; mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 17

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions

Chemistry: Unit 18

• General methods of preparation, properties and reactions and uses of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehyde, and ketones
• Carboxylic acid: Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Chemistry: Unit 19

• General methods of preparation and properties, reactions of amines, diazonium salts

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Geometrical isomerism and conformations, optical activity, specific rotation, chirality-chiral objects, chiral molecules, compounds containing one chiral centre, enantiomers, D-L and R-S nomenclature, racemic forms, racemisation
• Compounds containing two chiral centers, diastereoisomers, mesoform

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Carbohydrates, aldoses, and ketoses, monosaccharides like (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose and maltose), and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
• Proteins-elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypetides; protein: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins-classification and functions
• Nucleic acids-chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
• Biological functions of nucleic acids

Chemistry: Unit 22

• Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite

Biology: Unit 01

• Historical break throughs; scope of biology and branches, characters of living organisms
• Origin of life; evidences in favour of organic evolution; sources of variations; speciation and isolation (geographical and reproductive)
• Types of classifications; biosystematics; binomial nomenclature; botanical gardens and herbaria; zoological parks and museums

Biology: Unit 02

• Cell as a basic unit of life-discovery of cell, unicellular and multicellular organisms; tools and techniques (compound microscope, electron microscope, and cell fractionation); ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
• Cellular movements (exocytosis and endocytosis); cell organelles and their functions
• Water, salt, mineral ions, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, enzyme, vitamins, hormones, and steroids
• Cell cycle: Significance of cell division, amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis, karyotype analysis

Biology: Unit 03

• Mendel's laws of inheritance; qualitative and quantitative inheritance; heredity and variation; linkage and crossing over; sex determination; sex linked inheritance; mutation and chromosomal aberrations; human genetics-methods of study, genetic disorders
• DNA as a genetic material; its structure and replication; structure of RNA and its role in protein synthesis; regulation of gene expression, oncogenes
• Basics of recombinant DNA technology; cloning; gene bank; genomics-principles and applications of transgenic plants, animals, and microbes

Biology: Unit 04

• Morphology, root, stem, and leaf and their structure, and modification, inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed, and their types, salient features of various plant groups, algae, fungi, bryophyte, pteridophyte, and gymnosperm
• Classification of angiosperms up to order level (Bentham and hooker's system), description of poaceae, liliaceae, fabaceae, solanaceae, brassicaceae, and asteraceae
• Internal structure of plants-tissues (meristematic and permanent); tissue systems; anatomy of root, stem, and leaf of monocot and dicot; secondary growth
• Salient features of non-chordates up to phylum level and chordates up to class level
• Morphology of animals-salient features of earthworm, cockroach, and rat; tissue systems, structure and function of tissues-epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

Biology: Unit 05

• Cell as a physiological unit; water relations-absorption and movement; theories of water translocation; transpiration; mechanism of stomatal opening and closing
• Mineral nutrition-functions of minerals, essential major elements and trace elements; deficiency symptoms of elements; translocation of solutes
• Photosynthesis, photorespiration; mode of nutrition (autotrophic, heterotrophic saprophytic, parasitic, and insectivorous plants), chemosynthesis
• Mechanism of respiration-aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Biology: Unit 06

• Nutrition and its types; intracellular and extracellular digestion in animals; role of enzymes and hormones in digestion; disorders related to nutrition
• Respiratory organs; mechanism of breathing, gaseous exchange and transport in animals; regulation of respiration; common respiratory disorders
• Circulation of body fluids-open and closed system, composition of blood, structure of human heart; pulmonary and systemic circulation; heart beat; blood related disorders; ECG; pacemaker; lymphatic system, immunity and immune system
• Various kinds of nitrogenous waste elimination; physiology of excretion; composition and formation of urine; osmoregulation
• Locomotion and movements; human skeleton-axial and appendicular including cranium and rib cage bones; joints and their types; bone, cartilage, and their disorders (arthritis, osteoporosis); mechanism of muscle contraction
• Nervous coordination in cockroach and humans; structure and function of brain, and spinal cord, transmission of never impulse; reflex action; sensory receptors; structure and function of sense organs-eye, and ear
• Endocrine glands and their functions, hormonal imbalance; hypothalamo; hypophysial axis; feedback controls

Biology: Unit 07

• Modes of reproduction in flowering plants-vegetative propagation; micropropagation; sexual reproduction-development of male and female gametophytes; pollination; double fertilization, incompatibility, embryo development, parthenogenesis, and parthenocarpy
• Characteristics of plant growth; growth regulators (phytohormones)-auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; senescence; abscission; stress factors (salt and water) and growth; plant movement-geotropism, phototropism
• Turgor growth movements, process of flowering-photoperiodism, vernalisation
• Types of reproduction-asexual and sexual; anatomy of reproductive system; reproductive cycles, gametogenesis; fertilization-physical and chemical events; development of zygote up to 3 germinal layers and their derivatives; extra-embryonic membranes
• General aspects of placenta

Biology: Unit 08

• Cellular growth-growth rate and growth curve; hormonal control of growth; mechanism and types of regeneration; ageing-cellular and extracellular changes; theories of ageing

Biology: Unit 09

• Ecology: Definition, components of ecosystem
• Levels of organization, energy flow ecological succession major ecosystem of the world, study of local ecosystem, pyramids of mass, number and energy
• Global environment changes, green house effect
• Global warming
• Conservation of natural resources
• National and international efforts, environmental ethics and legislation

Biology: Unit 10

• Food production, breeding, improved varieties, biofertilizers, plant tissue culture, and its applications; biopesticides; biopatent
• Recent advances in vaccines; elementary knowledge of hemoglobin estimation and estimation of sugar and urea in blood, TLC, DLC, ESR, AIDS, STD, cancer

Logical reasoning: Unit 01

• Analogy, classification, series completion, logical deduction, chart logic

Logical reasoning: Unit 02

• Pattern recognition, analysis, rule detection

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Atomic orbitals, electronic configuration of atoms and the periodic properties of elements; ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity; concept of hybridization
• Molecular orbitals and electronic configuration of homonuclear, and heteronuclear diatomic molecules
• Shapes of polyatomic molecules; VSEPR theory
• Bond lengths, bond angles, bond order, and bond energies
• Types of chemical bond (weak and strong) intermolecular forces, structure of simple, ionic and covalent solids, lattice energy

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Bronsted and Lewis acids and bases, pH and pKa, acid-based concept in non-aqueous media; HSAB concept
• Buffer solution

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Oxidation numbers
• Redox potential
• Electrochemical series
• Redox indicators

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Law of conservation of energy
• Energy and enthalpy of reactions
• Entropy, free-energy, relationship between free energy change, and equilibrium
• Rates of chemical reactions (first-and second-order reactions)
• Arrhenius, equation, and concept of transition state
• Mechanism, including SN1 and SN2 reactions, electron transfer reactions, catalysis, colligative properties of solutions

Chemistry: Unit 05

• General characteristics of each block
• Chemical principles involved in extraction and purification of Iron, copper, lead, zinc, and aluminium
• Coordination chemistry: Structural aspects, isomerism, octahedral and tetrahedral crystal-field splitting of orbitals
• CFSE magnetism and colour of transition metal ions
• Ferocene and metal carbonyls
• Rare gas compounds, non-stoichiometric oxides
• Radio activity and transmutation of elements
• lsotopes and their application

Chemistry: Unit 06

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Recognition of symmetry elements and chiral structures; R-S nomenclature, diastereoisomerism in acyclic and cyclic system; E-Z isomerism
• Conformational analysis of simple cyclic (chair and boat cyclo hexanes) and acyclic systems
• lnter-conversion of Fischer, Newman and sawhorse projections

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Reactive intermediates
• Formation and stability of carbonium ions, cabanions, carbenes, nitrenes, radical, and arynes
• Nucleophilic, electrophilic, radical substitution, addition, and elimination reactions
• Familiar named reactions: Aldol, Perkin, Stobbe, Dieckmann condensations; Hofmann, Schmidt, Lossen, Curtius, Beckmann, and Fries rearrangements; Reimer-Tiemann, Reformatsky, and Grignard reactions
• Diels-Alder reactions; Claisen rearrangements; Friedel-Crafts reactions; witting reactions; and Robinson annulation
• Routine functional group transformations and inter conversions of simple functionalities
• Hydroboration, Oppenaur oxidations; Clemmensen, Wolf-Kishner, Meerwin-ponndorf-Verly and Brich reductions

Chemistry: Unit 09

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Types of errors, propagation of errors, accuracy and precision, least-squares analysis, average standard deviation