BVP CET Exam 2024: Result (Out), Cutoff, Counselling Schedule, Admission Process, Answer Key

Physics-Class 11: Unit 01

• Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; physics, technology, and society
• Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units
• Length, mass, and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures
• Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications

Physics-Class 11: Unit 02

• Frame of reference, motion in a straight line; position-time graph, speed, and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity
• Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs, for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment)
• Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion
• Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors
• Relative velocity
• Unit Vectors
• Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components
• Scalar and vector products of vectors
• Motion in a plane
• Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion
• Uniform circular motion

Physics-Class 11: Unit 03

• Intuitive concept of force
• Inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum and Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion
• Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)

Physics-Class 11: Unit 04

• Work done by a constant force and variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power
• Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle
• Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

Physics-Class 11: Unit 05

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation, and centre of mass motion
• Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod
• Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation, and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration
• Values of MI for simple geometrical objects (no derivation)
• Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications

Physics-Class 11: Unit 06

• Kepler's laws of planetary motion
• The universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude, and depth
• Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential
• Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite
• Geostationary satellites

Physics-Class 11: Unit 07

• Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship
• Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio; elastic energy
• Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, Reynolds's number, streamline and turbulent flow
• Critical velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases
• Anomalous expansion
• Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv-calorimetry; change of state-latent heat
• Heat transfer-conduction and thermal conductivity, convection, and radiation
• Qualitative ideas of black body radiation, Wien's displacement law, and green house effect
• Newton's law of cooling and Stefan's law

Physics-Class 11: Unit 08

• Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics)
• Heat, work, and internal energy
• First law of thermodynamics
• Isothermal and adiabatic processes
• Second law of the thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes
• Heat engines and refrigerators

Physics-Class 11: Unit 09

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path

Physics-Class 11: Unit 10

• Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period
• Free, forced, and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance
• Wave motion
• Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics
• Beats
• Doppler effect

Physics-Class 12: Unit 01

• Electric charges and their conservation
• Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
• Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric diploes in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor
• Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor
• Van De Graaff generator

Physics-Class 12: Unit 02

• Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (liner and non-linear), electrical energy and power
• Electrical resistivity and conductivity
• Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance
• Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel
• Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications
• Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge
• Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell

Physics-Class 12: Unit 03

• Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment
• Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter, and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
• Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
• Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid; magnetic field line; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements
• Para-, dia-, and ferro-magnetic substances with examples
• Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths
• Permanent magnets

Physics-Class 12: Unit 04

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, Wattles current
• AC generator and transformer

Physics-Class 12: Unit 05

• Need for displacement current
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only)
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses

Physics-Class 12: Unit 06

• Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula
• Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker's formula
• Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror
• Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism
• Scattering of light-blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise, and sunset
• Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation, and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses
• Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting), and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens' principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts
• Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' principle
• Interference, Young's double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes
• Polarization, plane polarized light, Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and polaroids

Physics-Class 12: Unit 07

• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light
• Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation
• Davisson-germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted, only conclusion should be explained)

Physics-Class 12: Unit 08

• Alpha-particle scattering experiments; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones
• Radioactivity-alpha, beta, and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law
• Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion

Physics-Class 12: Unit 09

• Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators, and semiconductors, semiconductor diode-I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier, I-V characteristics of LED, diode, solar cell, and Zener diode
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR)
• Transistor as a switch

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 01

• General introduction: Important and scope of chemistry
• Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of elements, atoms, and molecules
• Atomic and molecular masses mole concept, and molar mass: Avogadro's law and Avogadro number, percentage composition and empirical, and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry chemistry

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 02

• Three states of matter
• Intermolecular interactions, types of bonding
• Role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles's law, Gay Lussac's law
• Ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation
• Ideal gas equation
• Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases
• Critical temperature
• Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), liquid state-vapour pressure, viscosity, and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations)

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 03

• Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars
• Rutherford's model and its limitations, Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, De Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers
• Shapes of s, p, and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles, and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 04

• Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, modern periodic law and present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic radii, ionic radii
• Inert gas radii nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
• Enthalpy: Explanation and definition of term. Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 05

• Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 06

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH
• Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)
• Buffer solutions, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples), Henderson equation

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 07

• Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gasses on solids; catalysis: Homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: Enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: Distinction between true solutions
• Colloidal state: Colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsion-types of emulsions
• Elementary idea of nanomaterials

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 08

• Valence electrons, ionic bond, Born Haber cycle: Covalent bond parameters
• Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules
• Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 09

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; hydrides ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water
• Hydrogen peroxide-preparation, properties, and structure; hydrogen as a fuel
• Uses of hydrogen peroxide

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 10

• Group 1 and group 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: Trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic, and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: Preparation and properties of some important compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium
• Group 1 and group 2 elements: Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate and Industrial use of lime, and limestone, biological importance of magnesium and calcium

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 11

• Group introduction to p-block elements: Group 13 elements-general introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence. Variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group
• Group introduction to p-block elements: Group 13 elements-boron physical and chemical properties, some important compounds: Borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: Uses; reactions with acids, and alkalies. General 14 elements-general introduction
• Group introduction to p-block elements: General 14 elements-electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms
• Group introduction to p-block elements: General 14 elements-physical and chemical properties, uses of some important compounds; oxides. Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: Silicon tetrachloride, silicones
• Group introduction to p-block elements: General 14 elements-silicates and zeolites, and structure of silicates

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 12

• Industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution, general introduction, methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis
• Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
• Melting point and boiling point
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond; inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance, and hyper conjugation
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond; free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 13

• Classification of hydrocarbons-nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion, and pyrolysis

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 14

• Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethane), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation
• Chemical reactions; addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikoff's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 15

• Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethylene), physical properties
• Methods of preparation, chemical reaction: Acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of-hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, water

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 16

• Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; benzene; resonance aromaticity; chemical properties; mechanism of electrophilic substitution
• Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft alkylation and acylation; carcinogenicity and toxicity

Chemistry-Class 11: Unit 17

• Environmental pollution-air, water, and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, green house effect and global warming
• Pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 01

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell
• Packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, band theory of metals, conductors and semiconductors and insulators, and n and p type semiconductors

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 02

• Properties types of solutions, expression of concentration of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties-relative lowering of vapor pressure, Raoult's law elevation of boiling point
• Depression of freezing point, osmatic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass
• Van't Hoff factor and calculations involving it

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 03

• Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings
• Work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions
• First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, Hess' law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation
• Phase transition, ionization and solution, and dilution introduction of entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and non spontaneous processes, and equilibrium constant
• Second and third law of thermodynamics

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 04

• Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and galvanic cells
• Lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, fuel cells; corrosion
• Relation between Gibb's energy change and EMF of a cell

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 05

• Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction, concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant
• Integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)
• Activation energy, Arrhenius equation

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 06

• Principles and methods of extraction-concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc, and iron

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 07

• Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen-preparation, properties, and uses; compounds of nitrogen
• Group 15 elements: Preparation and properties of ammonia, and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); phosphorous-allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous; preparation and properties of phosphine
• Group 15 elements: Halides (PCI3, PCI5), and oxoacids (elementary idea only)
• Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen; preparation, properties, and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur-allotropic forms
• Group 16 elements: Compounds of sulphur; preparation, preparation, properties, and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid; industrial process of manufacture, properties, and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only)
• Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens; preparation, properties, and uses of chlorine, and hydrochloric acid
• Group 17 elements: Interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only)
• Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 08

• d-block elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals-metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii
• d-block elements: Colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇, and KmnO₄
• f-block elements: Lanthanoides-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanide contraction, and its consequences. Actinides-electronic configuration, oxidation states . Comparison with lanthanoides

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 09

• Coordination compounds-introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding; Werner's theory, VBT, CFT
• Isomerism, (structural and stereo), importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems)

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 10

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Stability of carbocations, R-S and d-l configuration
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only), stability of carbocations, R-S and d-l configurations. Uses and environment effects of-dichloromethane, trichloromethane
• Haloarenes: Tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 11

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses of methanol and ethanol
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 12

• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation. Physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 13

• Nitro compounds-general methods of preparation and chemical reactions
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical, and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Cyanides and isocyanides: Will be mentioned at relevant places in context
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 14

• Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide d-I configuration (glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen), importance
• Proteins: Elementary idea of ά-amino acids, peptide, linkage, polypeptides, proteins; structure of amines-primary, secondary, tertiary structure, and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes
• Lipids and hormones (elementary idea) excluding structure, their classification and functions
• Vitamins: Classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 15

• Classification-natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization
• Some important polymers: Natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, and rubber
• Biodegradable and non-Biodegradable polymers

Chemistry-Class 12: Unit 16

• Chemicals in medicines: Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines elementary idea of antioxidants
• Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents
• Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents, cleansing action