GITAM GAT Exam 2025 - Date, Applicaton Form, Syllabus, Pattern, Eligibility Criteria, Admission Process

Biology-Botany: Unit 01

• What is living? biodiversity, need for classification
• Three domains of life
• Taxonomy and systematic concepts of species and taxonomical hierarchy
• Binomial nomenclature tools for study of taxonomy, herbaria, botanical gardens
• Five kingdom classifications, silent features and classification of monera, protista, and Fuji into major groups
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups
• Algae (spirogyra) bryophytes (funeria), pteridophytes (pteris), gymnosperms (cycas)

Biology-Botany: Unit 02

• Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed

Biology-Botany: Unit 03

• Histology: Meristems, simple tissues, complex tissues, and special tissues
• Tissue system: Epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems
• Anatomy: Anatomy of dicot and monocot root, dicot and monocot stem, decoct and monocot leaf, secondary growth in dicot stem and dicot root

Biology-Botany: Unit 04

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life
• Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, plant and animal cell
• Cell wall, cell membrane, cell organelles structure and function 1 chromosomes
• Biomolecules: Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes
• Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis

Biology-Botany: Unit 05

• Introduction: Principles of plant classification, brief account of Bentham and Hooker's system
• Families: Fabaceae, asteraceae, solanaceae, liliaceae poaceae

Biology-Botany: Unit 06

• Reproduction organisms, modes of reproduction
• Asexual and sexual
• Asexual reproduction-binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants
• Sexual reproduction flowering plants
• Development of male and female gametophytes
• Pollination types, agents
• Out breeding devices, double fertilization, post fertilization changes
• Development of endosperm, embryo and seed
• Apomixis, parthenocerpy, polyembryony

Biology-Botany: Unit 07

• Bacteria and viruses
• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and bio fertilizers

Biology-Botany: Unit 08

• Improvement in Food production
• Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, mushroom cultivation, bio fortification

Biology-Botany: Unit 09

• Principles and process of biotechnology, genetic engineering
• Application of biotechnology in agriculture and health
• Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms, BT. Crops, transgenic animals, biosafety issues-biopiracy and patents

Biology-Botany: Unit 10

• Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to cell transport-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations, imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance transport of water
• Transport in plants: Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation. Transpiration-opening and closing of stomata; uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-transport of food, phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis
• Transport in plants: Diffusion of gases (brief mention)
• Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms: Mineral toxicity; elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism; nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition, site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis: Cyclic and non-cyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways
• Factors affecting photosynthesis
• Respiration: Exchange gases; cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations-number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; growth regulators
• Plant growth and development: Auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation; photoperiodism

Biology-Zoology: Unit 01

• Salient features (3 to 5) and two examples of non-chordate phyla
• Salient features (3 to 5) and two examples of chordate classes

Biology-Zoology: Unit 02

• Cockroach: Brief account of morphology, anatomy and functions of digestive circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems
• Animal tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

Biology-Zoology: Unit 03

• Digestive system: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats
• Digestive system: Egestion; nutritional and digestive disorders-pem, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea
• Respiratory system: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases; transport of gases and regulation of respiration; respiratory volumes
• Respiratory system: Asthma emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders

Biology-Zoology: Unit 04

• Circulatory system: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, double circulation
• Circulatory system: Regulation of cardiac activity, disorders of circulatory system-hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
• Excretory system: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system-structures and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function-rennin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor
• Excretory system: ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders; uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney

Biology-Zoology: Unit 05

• Locomotion and movement: Types of movement-ciliary, flagellor, muscular; skeletal muscle- contractile proteins muscle contraction; disorder of muscles. Myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular distrophy
• Skeletal system and its functions: Joints; disorders of skeletal system-osteoporosis, arthritis, gout
• Nervous system: Neurons and nerves; nervous system in humans-central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action
• Nervous system: Sense organs: Elementary structure and function of eye and ear
• Endocrine system: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea); role of hormones as messengers and regulators
• Endocrine system: Hypo and hyperactivity and related disorders(example: Dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease)

Biology-Zoology: Unit 06

• Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Biology-Zoology: Unit 07

• Heredity and variations: Mendelian inheritance; deviation from Mendelism-incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance
• Heredity and variations: Chromosomes and genes; sex determination-in humans, birds, honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance-hemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans
• Heredity and variations: Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription; genetic code; translation gene expression and regulation-lac operon
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing
• Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular, evidence-Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution, mechanism of evolution
• Evolution: Variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation ; human evolution

Biology-Zoology: Unit 08

• Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm)
• Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; cancer, HIV, and AIDS
• Adolescence, drug, and alcohol abuse

Biology-Zoology: Unit 09

• Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; population and ecological adaptations; population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of numbers, biomass, energy, nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; plant communities; ecological services
• Ecosystem: Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots; endangered organisms, extinction; red data book; biosphere reserves
• Biodiversity and its conservation: National parks and sanctuaries
• Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and global warming; ozone depletion; deforestation
• Environmental issues: Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Characteristics of electron, proton and neutron, Rutherford's model of atom-nature of electromagnetic theory, Planck's quantum theory, explanation of photoelectric effect-features of atomic spectra, characteristics of hydrogen spectrum
• Bohr's theory of structure of atom, Bohr's explanation of spectralines, failure of Bohr's theory-wave particle nature of electron, De Broglie's hypothesis, Heisenberg's uncertainly principle, important features of the quantum mechanical model of atom
• Quantum numbers, concept of orbitals-expressing atomic orbitals interms of quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, and d orbitals, Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's' rule of maximum multiplicity
• Electronic configuration of atoms, explanation of stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Composition of nucleus, isotopes, isotones, isobars, isodiaphers, factors effecting nuclear stability, mass defect, binding energy, N/P ratio
• Radioactive disintegration and its rate-half life and average life, types of nuclear reactors-fission and fusion with examples one each
• Radioactive isotopes and their applications-iodine 131, cobalt 60, sodium 24, C14 and P30-properties of α β and γ rays

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Orbital overlap and covalent bond, ionic bond and Fajan's rules, lattice energy, hybridisation involving s, p, and d orbitals, mot (homo nuclear diatomic species only), H-bond, dipole moment, VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Concept of grouping of elements in accordance with their properties, the periodic law, the significance of atomic number and electronic configuration as the basis for periodic classification
• Classification of elements into s, p, d, f, blocks and their main characteristics, classification of elements based on their properties

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Position of hydrogen in the periodic table
• Occurrence, isotopes of hydrogen, preparation, properties, and uses (including as fuel) of hydrogen
• Reactions of hydrogen with different types of elements leading to ionic, molecular and non-stoichiometric hydrides, physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water, hydrogen peroxide-methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties
• Oxidation, reduction, decomposition and disproportionate and addition reactions

Chemistry: Unit 06

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of first element in each group, diagonal relationship, trends in properties like ionisation enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii, reactivity with oxygen, hydrogen
• Halogens and water
• Preparation and properties and uses of the compounds sodium hydroxide, salts of oxoacids, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium chloride, biological importance of sodium and potassium, preparation and uses of CaO, CaCO₃, and CaSO₄
• Industrial uses of lime and limestone-biological importance of Mg and Ca

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Grahams law of diffusion, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Avogadro's law
• Ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, ideal gas equation
• Kinetic molecular theory of gases, kinetic gas equation (no derivation) and deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation, distribution of molecular velocities-types of molecular velocities, behaviour of real gases, deviation from ideal behaviour
• Compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real conditions for liquefication of gases, critical temperature, liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of intermolecular attractions, vapour pressure
• Viscosity and surface tension (quantitative idea only. No mathematical derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, first law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, exothermic and endothermic reactions
• Measurement of U and H, enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, neutralization, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization and dilution, thermo-chemical equations
• Hess's law of constant heat summation, driving force for a spontaneous process, thermodynamic representation of criteria of spontaneity in terms of entropy, entropy as a state function, Gibbs free energy, Gibbs free energy change for spontaneous
• Non spontaneous process and equilibrium process

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Classification of solutions, molarity normality, molality, mole fraction, dilute solutions, vapour pressure, Raoult's law, limitations of Raoults law colligative properties, relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
• Depression in freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, theory of dilute solutions, determination of molar masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Lowry-Bronsted acids and bases theory, Lewis theory, limitations of Lewis theory, ionic equilibrium, ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionic product of water
• Concept of ph, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), hydrolysis constant, buffer solutions, solubility product and common ion effect with illustrative examples

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Equilibrium in physical and chemical process, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium, relation between Kp and Kc, Le-Chatelier's principle
• Applications to the industrial processes like (i) ammonia-Haber's process, (2) H₂SO₄-contact process

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces such as molecular, ionic, covalent solids and metallic solids, treatment of metallic bond and metallic/ solids, amorphous and crystalline solids
• Unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices, seven crystal systems and Bragg's equation, X-ray study of crystal structure, Bragg's method
• Calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, number of atoms per cubic unit cell
• Point defects-Schottky and Frenkel defects
• Electrical and Magnetic properties

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Adsorption, physical and chemical adsorption
• Adsorption of gases on solids, factors affecting the adsorption-pressure (Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms) and temperature, catalysis-types of catalysis, autocatalysis
• Colloidal state-colloidal solutions, classification of colloidal solutions, protective colloids and gold number emulsions-classification of emulsions, micelles, cleansing action of soap, properties of colloids-Tyndall effect, Brownian movement
• Coagulation

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Concept of reaction rate, factors affecting reaction rates, rate law, units of rate constant, order and molecularity, methods of determination of order of reaction, integrated rate equations and half lives for zero and first order reaction
• Collision theory of reaction rates (elementary ideas), concepts of activation energy (Arrhenius equation)

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductance's-variation of conductance with concentration, Kohlrausch's law, application to calculation of equivalent conductance of weak electrolytes
• Electrolytes and non-electrolytes, redox reactions, electrolysis-some typical examples of electrolysis Viz; fused NaOH, brine solution, fused MgCl₂, Faraday's laws of electrolysis
• Galvanic and voltaic cells representation and notation of electrochemical cells with and without salt bridge, standard hydrogen electrode and electrode potentials, electro chemical series, EMF of cell, Nernst equation and its applications
• Calculation of EMF of electro chemical cells, primary cell-dry cell/ Leclanche cell, secondary cells-fuel cells, hydrogen, oxygen fuel cell

Chemistry: Unit 16

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, boron: Physical and chemical properties, uses
• Some important compounds: Borax and boric acid
• Boron hydrides, aluminium-uses, reactions with acids and alkalies, alums

Chemistry: Unit 17

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of the first element of the group carbon-catenation, allotropic forms
• Physical and chemical properties and uses
• Similarities between carbon and silicon, uses of oxides of carbon, important compounds of silicon-silicon dioxide and a few uses of silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites (elementary ideas)
• Fuel gases : Manufacture and uses of producer gas and water gas

Chemistry: Unit 18

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, isolation trends in physical and chemical properties, uses, compounds of xenon oxides and xenon fluorides (structures only)

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Occurrence-physical states of nitrogen and phosphorous; allotropy, catenation
• Electronic configuration, oxidation states, general characteristics of hydrides, structure of hydrides, general characteristics of oxides, general characteristics of halides, oxyacids of nitrogen, oxyacids of phosphorous
• Preparation and uses of nitric acid and ammonia, superphosphate of lime

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Occurrence, electronic configuration, oxidation states, physical states of oxygen and sulphur and their structure, allotropy, general characteristics of hydrides, oxides and halides, structural aspects of oxyacids of chalcogens, ozone, uses of ozone
• Sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid-industrial process of manufacture

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Occurrence, electronic configuration and oxidation states, physical states of halogens, I.P values, electro negativity and electron affinity, bond energies, chemical reactivity, oxidizing power of fluorine, chlorine
• Structural aspects of oxy acids of chlorine, preparation, properties, and uses of fluorine, chlorine and bleaching powder, interhalogen compounds-structures only

Chemistry: Unit 22

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of first row transition elements-metallic character, ionization energy, variable oxidation states, atomic and ionic radii
• Colour, catalytic property, magnetic property, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Preparation and properties of KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇, Ag₂O, AgNO₃, Ag₂S₂O₃

Chemistry: Unit 23

• Electronic configuration, variable oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction

Chemistry: Unit 24

• Introduction, ligands, coordination number, Werner's theory of coordination compounds, shapes of coordination compounds, valence bond theory, IUPAC nomenclature of mono nuclear coordination compounds, bonding, isomerism, EAN rule
• Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, biological systems (chromo proteins, haemoglobin, chlorophyll structures only)

Chemistry: Unit 25

• Principles and methods of extraction-concentration, reduction by chemical and electrolytic methods and refining, occurrence and principles of extraction of copper, zinc, iron, and silver
• Process of molten electrolysis to extract Al, Mg, and Na
• Extraction of gold and lead

Chemistry: Unit 26

• Group I to V (only Ag⁺, Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺,Bi⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Mg²⁺); nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), sulphate and sulphide

Chemistry: Unit 27

• Some basic principles and techniques: General introduction, methods of purification, quantitative and qualitative analysis
• Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond, inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation, fission of a covalent bond-homolytic and heterolytic fissions, Types of reagents: Electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals
• Types of reagents: Examples and reactive intermediates, common types of organic reactions-substitution, addition
• Elimination and rearrangement reactions with examples
• Shapes of simple organic molecules
• Structural and geometrical isomerism; optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres (R, S and E, Z nomenclature excluded)
• Keto-enol tautomerism

Chemistry: Unit 28

• Classification of hydrocarbons, alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism conformations (ethane and butane), methods of preparation of ethane, physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation
• Combustion and pyrolysis of ethane, cycloalkanes: Preparation and properties of cyclohexane, Alkenes: Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), physical properties, methods of preparation of ethylene, physical properties
• Chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water
• Hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition
• Reaction with Baeyer's reagent
• Akynes-preparations and properties of alkynes
• Acidity of alkynes

Chemistry: Unit 29

• Introduction-IUPAC nomenclature, benzene, resonance, aromaticity chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation
• Directive influence of functional group in mono substituted benzene carcinogenicity and toxicity
• Effect of O, M, P directing groups in mono substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 30

• Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, ethyl chloride and chloroform, preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions SN1 and SN2 reactions
• Reactions of Grignard reagent

Chemistry: Unit 31

• Nature of C-X bond, chlorobenzene substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for mono substituted compounds only)
• Nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes

Chemistry: Unit 32

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation of ethyl alcohol, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration. Uses of some important compounds
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation of phenol, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Comparison of acidic nature of substituted phenols
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation of diethyl ether, physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 33

• Alcohols: Methanol and ethanol

Chemistry: Unit 34

• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation of acetaldehyde and acetone, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha-hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
• Aldehydes and ketones: Distinction of aldehydes and ketones. Reactions of benzaldehyde

Chemistry: Unit 35

• Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation of acetic acid, physical and chemical properties, uses. Comparison of acidic strength of aliphatic and aromatic acids. Preparations and properties of benzoic acid

Chemistry: Unit 36

• Preparation and properties of nitro compounds
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation of aniline, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and aromatic amine (aniline)
• Amines: Comparison of basic strength of aliphatic amines and substituted anilines
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry, uses of azodyes. AZO coupling reactions of diazonium salts of aromatic amines

Chemistry: Unit 37

• Detection of elements (n, s, halogens); detection and identification of the following functional groups: Alcoholic and phenolic, aldehyde and ketone, carboxyl, amino and nitro
• Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional organic compounds from binary mixtures

Chemistry: Unit 38

• Classification of polymers, addition, condensation, copolymerization, natural rubber, vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubber, molecular weights of polymers-number average and weight average molecular weights (definitions only)
• Biopolymers, biodegradable polymers, some commercially important polymers like polythene, nylon, polyesters, and bakelite

Chemistry: Unit 39

• Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) and importance
• Amino acids and proteins: Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide, polypeptides, proteins primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative ideas only)
• Amino acids and proteins: Denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins: Classification, functions in bio systems
• Nucleic acids: Types of nucleic acids, primary building blocks of nucleic acids, chemical composition of DNA and RNA, structure of DNA, genetic code

Chemistry: Unit 40

• Uses of chemicals in medicine: Analgesics-narcotics (morphine, codeine), non-narcotics (aspirin, ibuprofen); antipyretic (analgin, phenacetin, paracetamol), tranquilizers (barbituric acid, luminal, seconal, valium, serotonin)
• Antiseptics (chioroxylenol, bithional), disinfectants (formalin, formaldehyde), anti-microbials (lysozyme, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid in stomach)
• Antifertilitydrugs, antibiotics (pencillin, chloramphenicol, sulphadiazine), antacids (omeprazole, lansoprazole), antihistamines (histidine), chemicals in food preservatives (sodium benzoate, potassium metabisulphite etc)
• Artificial sweetening agents (aspartame, alitane, sucralose)

Chemistry: Unit 41

• Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollution
• Oxides of carbon-carbon monoxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants, acid rains, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer
• Green house effect and global warming, pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution

Physics: Unit 01

• Units for fundamental and derived quantities; systems of units; SI system of units-rules for writing unit, derived units, multiple units and sub multiple units in SI system; measurement for quantitative study
• Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors due to external causes-constant type, systematic type and environmental type; errors due to imperfections in experimental techniques/ procedure/ personal/ observation-random errors, gross errors
• Absolute errors, mean absolute error and relative error percentage error; errors due to addition, subtraction, multiplication division and powers of observed quantities; significant figures, dimensions of physical quantities
• Dimensional formulae, applications and limitations of dimensional analysis

Physics: Unit 02

• Classification of physical quantities as vectors and scalars geometrical representation of vectors-addition and subtraction of vectors
• Laws of addition of vectors-equal and null vectors
• Unit vectors-unit vectors in Cartesian coordinate system, position vector and its magnitude
• Parallelogram law of vectors-expression for the resultant vector
• Triangle law and polygon law of vectors-concept of relative velocity, application to relative motion of a boat in a river
• Multiplication of a vector with a scalar-scalar product with examples of work and energy, vector product with examples of torque and angular momentum, vector and scalar product of unit vectors

Physics: Unit 03

• Force and inertia, Newton's law of motion, momentum, impulse
• Concept of resultant force, equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Force of friction, types of friction, types of coefficient of friction
• Angle of friction, angle of repose
• Motion of a body on a smooth and rough horizontal surface
• Motion of a body on a smooth and rough inclined plane
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Motion in a straight line, speed, and velocity
• Uniform non uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion
• Position-time graph, velocity-time graph, acceleration-time graphs relation for uniformly accelerated motion
• Motion of freely falling body, vertically projected body
• Projectile motion

Physics: Unit 04

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force
• Power, types of energies: Mechanical energy, potential energy, and kinetic energy
• Work energy theorem
• Conservative and non-conservative forces
• Conservation of mechanical energy
• Potential energy of a spring

Physics: Unit 05

• Introduction, centre of mass, difference between centre of mass and centre of gravity
• Coordinates of centre of mass
• Centre of mass of particles along a line, center of mass of system of particles in a plane, center of mass of system of particles in space
• Centre of mass of rigid body with homogenous distribution of mass of a thin rod, circular ring, disc and sphere
• Motion of centre of mass (velocity and acceleration of center of mass) characteristics of centre of mass, laws of motion of the centre of mass, velocity and acceleration
• Explosion-motion of the centre of mass of earth, moon system

Physics: Unit 06

• Introduction-elastic and inelastic collisions
• Collisions in one dimension (elastic and inelastic) body at rest, bodies moving in same direction and opposite directions
• Coefficient of restitution definition
• Equation for height attained for freely falling body after number of rebounds on floor
• Two dimensional collision

Physics: Unit 07

• Introduction, uniform circular motion, concept of angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration, relation between linear velocity and angular velocity, centripetal acceleration and centripetal force, torque, couple
• Moment of inertia: Perpendicular axis theorem
• Parallel axis theorem
• MI of a thin rod, uniform disc, rectangular lamina, solid and hollow spheres, circular ring and cylinder
• Angular momentum: Relation between angular momentum and torque, law of conservation of angular momentum with examples
• Motion in vertical circle
• Rolling without shipping and toppling

Physics: Unit 08

• Basic forces in nature; the universal law of gravitation; nature of gravity; relation between universal gravitational constant (G) and acceleration due to gravity(g); variation of ‘g’ with altitude, depth, latitude and shape of earth
• Limitations of Newton's third law
• Idea of inertial and non-inertial frames, inertial and gravitational masses, gravitational potential and gravitational potential energy
• Escape velocity, orbital velocity and relation between them-geostationary satellites, their uses

Physics: Unit 09

• Elasticity and plasticity-stress and strain, Hooke's law, moduli of elasticity (y, n, k), Poisson's ratio, definition and its limit; behaviour of wire under gradually increasing load, elastic fatigue, strain energy

Physics: Unit 10

• Surface tension-definition and applications, molecular theory of surface tension, surface energy
• Angle of contact, capillarity determination of surface tension by capillary rise method-theory and experiment
• Effect of temperature on surface tension, excess pressure in liquid drops and soap bubbles

Physics: Unit 11

• Introduction, principle of buoyancy, pressure due to fluid column
• Pascal's law and its applications
• Stream line flow, turbulent flow, Reynolds number, Bernoulli's theorem
• Applications-aerodynamic lift, motion of a spinning ball
• Viscosity, coefficient of viscosity, effect of temperature on viscosity, Poiseuille's equation
• Motion of objects through fluids, Stoke's law, terminal velocity

Physics: Unit 12

• Temperature and heat, measurement of temperature
• Thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases
• Specific heat capacity, colorimetry, change of state, latent heat, triple point
• Heat transfer, conduction, convection, and radiation
• Black body radiation, Stefan's law, Wien's displacement law, Newton's law of cooling

Physics: Unit 13

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics
• Heat internal energy and work
• First law of thermodynamics
• Thermodynamic processes-isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric, quasi static processes
• Second law of thermodynamics; reversible and irreversible processes
• Carnot engine and refrigerator

Physics: Unit 14

• Gas laws, ideal gas equation, kinetic theory of gases-assumptions, pressure of an ideal gas
• Kinetic interpretation of temperature, RMS speed of a gas molecule
• Degree of freedom, law of equi partition of energy
• Specific heats of gases
• Mean free path, Avogadro's number

Physics: Unit 15

• Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion and its equations, phase
• Oscillations of simple pendulum, oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant
• Energy in S.H.M-kinetic and potential energies
• Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance

Physics: Unit 16

• Longitudinal and transverse waves, equation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves
• Formation of stationary waves on a stretched string

Physics: Unit 17

• Characteristics of sound-speed of sound in solids, liquids and gases standing waves in organ pipes-open pipes, closed pipes, fundamental frequency, overtones, harmonics, beats
• Doppler effect: Applications and limitations of Doppler effect
• Echoes

Physics: Unit 18

• Reflection of light, reflection of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula
• Reflection of light, Snell's law, total internal reflection
• Lens formula, magnification power of a lens, combination of lenses, culling of a lens, silvering of a lens
• Refraction through a prism
• Microscope and astronomical telescope and their magnifying powers

Physics: Unit 19

• Huygens principle and wave front
• Law of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle
• Interference of light, young's double slit experiment, fringe width
• Diffraction of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maxima
• Resolving power of a microscope and telescope
• Polarization of light, plane of polarized light
• Brewster's law
• Polaroids and their uses

Physics: Unit 20

• Charges-conservation of charge and additive property of charges
• Coulomb's law: Permittivity of free space and permittivity of medium-force between two point charges
• Force due to multiple charges-principle of superposition with examples
• Electric field-electric lines of force, their properties, electric intensity definition, electric intensity due to isolated charge and due to, multiple charges
• Electrostatic potential-definition of electrostatic potential in an electric field, potential due to single charge, multiple charges, electrostatic potential energy, relation between electrostatic potential and electric intensity
• Electric flux definition, Gauss' law- statement of Gauss' law, application of Gauss' law to find electric intensity and electrostatic potential due to continuous charge distribution of infinite long wire, infinite plane sheet and spherical shell
• Capacitance-definition of electrical capacity of a conductor, capacitance, dielectric constant, definition of condenser, its uses-parallel plate condenser, formula for capacitance of parallel plate condenser, dielectric-dielectric strength
• Effect of dielectric on capacitance of capacitors
• Capacitors in series and in parallel-derivation of the equivalent capacitance for the above cases
• Energy stored in a condenser-effect of dielectric on energy of condenser, types of capacitors-their uses

Physics: Unit 21

• Electric current-flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, relation between electric current and drift velocity
• Ohm's law: Ohmic and non Ohmic elements with examples, conductance, specific resistance, variation of resistivity with temperature, variation of resistance with temperature, thermistors, colour code for resistors
• EMF of cell-internal resistance and back EMF, difference between EMF of a cell and potential difference
• Electrical energy, power definition of KW hr
• Kirchhoff's laws: Statement of Kirchhoff's voltage law, Kirchhoff's current law, application to Wheatstone bridge, condition for balancing, meter bridge, determination of resistance of a conductor using meter bridge
• Principle of potentiometer determination of internal resistance and EMF of a cell using potentiometer
• Series and parallel combination of cells-derivation of equivalent EMF for the above cases

Physics: Unit 22

• Growth of charge in C-R series circuit
• Decay of charge in C-R series circuit
• Time constant of C-R circuit

Physics: Unit 23

• Biot-Savart law-ampere law, magnetic field near a long straight wire and magnetic field at the center of a circular coil carrying current (with derivation), field on the axis of a circular coil carrying current (with expressions only) tangent galvanometer
• Principle and working-definition of reduction factor, force on a moving charge in a magnetic field, force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field, force between two long straight parallel conductors, carrying current, definition of ampere
• Definition of ampere, Fleming's left hand rule, current loop as a magnetic dipole, force and torque on current loop in a uniform magnetic field
• Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron-principle, construction, and working of a moving coil galvanometer, conversion of moving coil galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter-comparison of M.C.G with T.G.

Physics: Unit 24

• Magnetic moment, magnetic moment of bar magnet
• Magnetic induction on the axial and equatorial line of a bar magnet
• Couple on a bar magnet in a magnetic field
• Elements of earth's magnetism dip, declination
• Dia-, para-, ferro magnetic substances

Physics: Unit 25

• Faraday's Law, induced EMF, and induced current
• Lenz's Law, Fleming's right hand rule
• Self induction, mutual induction, motional EMF
• Alternating currents
• Peak, RMS and average values of AC and AV
• Series L-R, C-R, L-C, and L-C-R Circuit
• Reactance, impedance
• Resonance of L-C-R circuit
• Quality factor, power in AC circuits, transformers

Physics: Unit 26

• Dual nature of radiation
• Photoelectric effect, Hertz's and Lenard's observation
• Einstein's photoelectric equation particle nature of light
• Matter wave's and De-Broglie's theory, Davison-Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 27

• Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment
• Bohr's atomic model, hydrogen spectrum, energy levels
• Composition of nucleus, atomic mass unit, isotopes, isobars, isotones
• Radioactivity, radioactive disintegration law α, β, and γ decay
• Mass defect, binding energy, average binding energy
• Binding energy curve
• Mass energy relation
• Nuclear fission and fusion

Physics: Unit 28

• Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors (n and p type) junction diode-p-n junction, depletion layer and barrier potential, forward and reverse bias-current voltage characteristics of junction diode-p-n diode as half wave and full wave rectifier
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator-I-V characteristics of LED (only qualitative treatment), photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode, transistor, function of emitter, base and collector-p-n-p, n-p-n transistors, biasing of transistors, current
• Voltage-characteristics of transistor in CE configuration, transistor as common emitter amplifier (qualitative treatment)
• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR)-communication systems; elements of communication systems (block diagrams only), bandwidth of signals (speech, TV, and digital data) bandwidth of transmission medium
• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation, modulation, need for modulation

Reasoning: Unit 01

Reasoning: Unit 02

Reasoning: Unit 03

Reasoning: Unit 04

Reasoning: Unit 05

Reasoning: Unit 06

Reasoning: Unit 07

Reasoning: Unit 08

Reasoning: Unit 09

Reasoning: Unit 10

Verbal ability: Unit 01

Verbal ability: Unit 02

Verbal ability: Unit 03

Verbal ability: Unit 04

Verbal ability: Unit 05

Verbal ability: Unit 06

Verbal ability: Unit 07

Verbal ability: Unit 08

Verbal ability: Unit 09

Verbal ability: Unit 10

Verbal ability: Unit 11

Verbal ability: Unit 12

Pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance: Unit 01

• Acid base titrations: Acid base concepts, ionization, law of mass action, common ion effect, ionic product of water, pH, hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, buffer solutions, neutralization curves, acid-base indicators
• Acid base titrations: Theory of indicators, choice of indicators, mixed indicators, polyprotic systems polyamine and amino acid systems, amino acid titrations
• Oxidation-reduction titrations: Concepts of oxidation and reduction, theory, redox indicators, oxidation-reduction curves, iodometry, precipitation titrations: Principles, procedures of precipitation reactions
• Complexometric titrations: Complexing agents used as titrants, indicators, types of complexometric titrations, masking and demasking; non-aqueous titrations: Acidic and basic drugs, solvents used, indicators
• Gravimetry: Precipitation techniques, colloidal state, supersaturation, co-precipitation, post-precipitation, digestion, washing of the precipitate, thermogravimetric curves
• Miscellaneous methods of analysis: Diazotization titrations, Kjeldahl method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fischer aquametry, oxygen flask combustion method, gasometry
• Potentiometry: Electric potential, electrochemical cell, reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, measurement of potential and pH, construction and working of electrodes, potentiometric titrations, method of deduction of end-point
• Conductometry: Conductance, conductivity cell, conductometric titrations, applications
• Polarography: Instrumentation, DME, residual current, diffusion current and limiting current, polarographic wave, Ilkovic's equation, effect of oxygen on polarographic wave, polarographic maxima and suppressors, applications
• Amperometry: Introduction, types of electrodes used, reference and indicator electrode, instrumentation, titration procedure, advantages and disadvantages of amperometry over potentiometry, pharma applications

Pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance: Unit 02

• Principles of separation, theory, instrumentation and applications of column chromatography, paper chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, TLC and HPTLC, HPLC and gas chromatography

Pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance: Unit 03

• Theoretical aspects, basic instrumentation, elements of interpretation of spectra, and applications (quantitative and qualitative) of ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, infrared spectrophotometry
• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (proton technique only), mass spectrometry (EI and CI only), flame photometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal methods (TGA, DSC, DTA), radio immunoassay

Pharmaceutical analysis and quality assurance: Unit 04

• GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, validation, quality audit, quality of equipment, validation of equipment and validation of analytical procedures

Pharmacology: Unit 01

• Causes of cellular injury, pathogenesis, morphology of cell injury, adaptations and cell death
• Basic mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair: Vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation, chemical mediators of inflammation, pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, brief outline of the process of repair
• Immunopathophysiology: T and B cells, MHC proteins, antigen presenting cells, immune tolerance, pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, Amyloidosis

Pharmacology: Unit 02

• Dosage forms and routes of administration, mechanism of action, combined effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence; pharmacogenetics; principles of basic and clinical pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution
• Metabolism and excretion of drugs, adverse drug reactions; bioassay of drugs and biological standardization; discovery and development of new drugs, bioavailability and bioequivalence studies

Pharmacology: Unit 03

• Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic), parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents, ganglion stimulants and blocking agents, neuromuscular blocking agents, local anesthetic agents

Pharmacology: Unit 04

• Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S., general anesthetics, alcohols and disulfiram, sedatives, hypnotics, anti-anxiety agents and centrally acting muscle relaxants, psychopharmacological agents (anti-psychotics), anti-maniacs, and hallucinogens
• Antidepressants, anti-epileptics drugs, anti-Parkinsonian drugs, analgesics, antipyretics, narcotic analgesics and antagonists, C.N.S. stimulants, drug addiction and drug abuse

Pharmacology: Unit 05

• Drugs used in the management of congestive cardiac failure, antihypertensive drugs, anti-anginal and vasodilator drugs, including calcium channel blockers and beta adrenergic antagonists, antiarrhythmic drugs, anti-hyperlipedemic drugs
• Drugs used in the therapy of shock

Pharmacology: Unit 06

• Hematinics, anticoagulants, vitamin K and hemostatic agents, fibrinolytic and antiplatelet drugs, blood and plasma volume expanders

Pharmacology: Unit 07

• Fluid and electrolyte balance, diuretics
• Anti diuretics

Pharmacology: Unit 08

• Histamine, antihistaminic drugs, 5-HT- its agonists and antagonists, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance P and other vasoactive peptides

Pharmacology: Unit 09

• Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators, anti-tussives and expectorants, respiratory stimulants

Pharmacology: Unit 10

• Antacids, anti-secretory and anti-ulcer drugs, laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs, appetite stimulants and suppressants, emetics and anti-emetics, miscellaneous: Carminatives, demulcents
• Protectives, adsorbents, astringents, digestants, enzymes, and mucolytics

Pharmacology: Unit 11

• Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and vitamin D, insulin, glucagons, incretins, oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin analogs, ACTH and corticosteroids, androgens and anabolic steroids
• Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives, drugs acting on the uterus

Pharmacology: Unit 12

• General principles of chemotherapy, bacterial resistance; sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole, antibiotics-Penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, fluoroquinolones and miscellaneous antibiotics
• Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, HIV and AIDS, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, amoebiasis and other protozoal infections and anthelmentics
• Chemotherapy of malignancy and immunosuppressive agents

Pharmacology: Unit 13

• Definition of poison, general principles of treatment of poisoning with particular reference to barbiturates, opioids, organophosphorous and atropine poisoning, heavy metals and heavy metalantagonists

Pharmaceutical chemistry: Unit 01

• An outline of methods of preparation, uses, sources of impurities, tests for purity and identity, including limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate gastrointestinal agents: Acidifying agents, antacids
• Sulphate gastrointestinal agents: Protectives and adsorbents, cathartics; topical agents: Protectives, astringents and anti-infectives
• Gases and vapours: Oxygen, anesthetics (inorganic) and respiratory stimulants; dental products: Dentifrices, anti-caries agents; complexing and chelating agents used in therapy; miscellaneous agents: Sclerosing agents, expectorants, emetics
• Miscellaneous agents: Inorganic poisons and antidotes
• Pharmaceutical aids used in pharmaceutical industry: Anti-oxidants, preservatives, filter aids, adsorbents, diluents, excipients, suspending agents, colorants; acids, bases and buffers: Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general
• Bases and buffers: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions

Pharmaceutical chemistry: Unit 02

• Structure, nomenclature and stereochemistry of drug molecules

Pharmaceutical chemistry: Unit 03

• Structure, nomenclature, classification, synthesis, SAR and metabolism of the following category of drugs, which are official in Indian pharmacopoeia and British pharmacopoeia
• Hypnotics and sedatives, analgesics, NSAIDs, neuroleptics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, antihistaminics, local anaesthetics, cardio vascular drugs? antianginal agents vasodilators, adrenergic and cholinergic drugs, cardiotonic agents
• Diuretics, antihypertensive drugs, hypoglycemic agents, antilipedmic agents, coagulants, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents
• Chemotherapeutic agents? antibiotics, antibacterials, sulpha drugs
• Antiproliozoal drugs, antiviral, antitubercular, antimalarial, anticancer, antiamoebic drugs
• Diagnostic agents
• Preparation and storage and uses of official radiopharmaceuticals, vitamins and hormones
• Eicosonoids and their application
• Introduction to drug design

Pharmaceutical chemistry: Unit 04

• Biochemical role of hormones, vitamins, enzymes, nucleic acids, bioenergetics
• General principles of immunology
• Immunological
• Metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, proteins
• Methods to determine, kidney, and liver function
• Lipid profiles

Pharmaceutical chemistry: Unit 05

• Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings: Carbohydrates and derived products: Agar, guar gum, acacia, honey, isabagol, pectin and tragacanth. Lipids: Bees wax, castor oil, codliver oil, shark liver oil and wool fat
• Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings: Resins: Colophony, podophyllum, jalap, cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru, benzoin, turmeric, ginger
• Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings: Volatile oils-mentha, coriander, cinnamon, cassia, lemon peel, orange peel, lemon grass, citronella, caraway, dill, clove, fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, chenopodium, cardamom, sandal wood
• Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings: Fibers-cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass-wool
• Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following groups of drugs
• Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, squill, strophanthus and thevetia, anthraquinones: Aloe, senna, rhubarb and cascara, alkaloid containing drugs: Pyridine-piperidine: Tobacco, areca, and lobelia, tropane: Belladonna, hyoscyamus, datura, duboisia
• Tropane: Coca and withania. Quinoline and Isoquinoline: Cinchona, ipecac, opium. Indole: Vinca alkaloids, ergot, rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux-vomica and physostigma
• Steroidal: Kurchi. Purines: Coffee, tea, and cola
• Enzymes: Diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin