KEE 2025 Exam: Application Form (Out), Dates, Eligibility, Syllabus, Pattern, Result, Cutoff

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Physical quantities in SI units & derived units; standard prefixes; conversion factors; significant figures; classification of matter; physical and chemical changes; laws of chemical combinations; atomic, molecular and equivalent mass
• Solutions and representation of concentration
• Percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Reason for formation of chemical bond; types of chemical bond; factors affecting formation of the chemical bond; properties of ionic compounds and covalent compounds; valence bond theory; molecular orbital theory; energy level diagrams
• Electronic configurations; hybridisation VSEPR theory; hydrogen bond and its applications; dipole moment; bond lengths, bond energy and bond angles

Chemistry: Unit 03

• General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reaction

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
• Depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity
• Variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant
• Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment), activation energy, Arrhenius equation

Chemistry: Unit 07

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals-metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour
• Catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMNO4
• Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
• Actinoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Coordination compounds-introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
• Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system)

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of-dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenol
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); importance of carbohydrates
• Proteins: Elementary idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins-primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes
• Hormones: Elementary idea excluding structure
• Vitamins: Classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Mathematics: Unit 01

• Sets and their representations, empty set, finite and infinite sets, equal sets, subsets, subsets of a set of real numbers especially intervals (with notations)
• Universal set
• Venn diagrams
• Union and intersection of sets
• Difference of sets
• Complement of a set
• Properties of complement
• Ordered pairs
• Cartesian product of sets
• Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets
• Cartesian product of the set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R)
• Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation
• Function as a special type of relation
• Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function
• Real valued functions, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer functions, with their graphs
• Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions
• Types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations
• One to one and onto functions.

Mathematics: Unit 02

• Positive and negative angles
• Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from one measure to another
• Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle
• Truth of the identity sin2x + cos2x = 1, for all x
• Signs of trigonometric functions
• Domain and range of trigonometric functions and their graphs
• Expressing sin (x ± y) and cos (x ± y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple applications.

Mathematics: Unit 03

• Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
• Operations on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar
• Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication
• Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)
• Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (here all matrices will have real entries)
• Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle
• Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix
• Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix

Mathematics: Unit 04

• Need for complex numbers, especially √−1, to be motivated by inability to solve some of the quadratic equations
• Algebraic properties of complex numbers
• Argand plane linear inequalities
• Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line

Mathematics: Unit 05

• Fundamental principle of counting
• Factorial n. (n!) permutations and combinations, derivation of formulae for NPR and NCR and their connections, simple applications

Mathematics: Unit 06

• Historical perspective, statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices
• Pascal’s triangle, simple applications
• Sequence and series
• Arithmetic mean (A.M.) geometric progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum of n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between A.M. and G.M.

Mathematics: Unit 07

• Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from earlier classes
• Slope of a line and angle between two lines
• Various forms of equations of a line: Parallel to axis, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercept form, distance of a point from a line
• Sections of a cone: Circles, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a point, a straight line and a pair of intersecting lines as a degenerated case of a conic section
• Standard equations and simple properties of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola
• Standard equation of a circle.
• Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions
• Coordinates of a point
• Distance between two points

Mathematics: Unit 08

• Derivative introduced as rate of change both as that of distance function and geometrically
• Intuitive idea of limit
• Limits of polynomials and rational functions trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions
• Definition of derivative relate it to scope of tangent of the curve, derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions
• Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions
• Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions
• Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms
• Second order derivatives
• Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool)
• Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations)
• Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)

Mathematics: Unit 09

• Integration as inverse process of differentiation
• Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them
• Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only) definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation
• Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree

Biology: Unit 01

• The living world: Biodiversity; need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature
• Biological classification: Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of monera, protista and fungi into major groups; lichens, viruses and viroids
• Plant kingdom: Classification of plants into major groups; salient and distinguishing features and a few examples of algae, bryophyta, pteridophyta, gymnospermae
• Animal Kingdom: Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level

Biology: Unit 02

• Morphology of flowering plants: Morphology of different parts of flowering plants-root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. description of family solanaceae
• Anatomy of flowering plants: Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots
• Structural organization in animals: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of frog

Biology: Unit 03

• Cell-the unit of life: Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles-structure and function
• Endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus
• Biomolecules: Chemical constituents of living cells-biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; enzyme-types, properties, enzyme action
• Cell cycle and cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Biology: Unit 04

• Photosynthesis in higher plants: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis in higher plants: Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis
• Respiration in plants: Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell
• Plant growth and development: Plant growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA

Biology: Unit 05

• Breathing and exchange of gases: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in human-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, respiratory volume
• Breathing and exchange of gases: Disorders related to respiration-asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system -structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation
• Body fluids and circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system-hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system-structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function-renin angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor
• Excretory products and their elimination: ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders-uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney, kidney transplant
• Locomotion and movement: Types of movement-ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal systems-myasthenia gravis, tetany
• Locomotion and movement: Disorders of muscular and skeletal systems-muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; nervous system in humans-central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse
• Chemical coordination and integration: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea)
• Chemical coordination and integration: Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goitre, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes, Addison's disease

Biology: Unit 06

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination-types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Post-fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation
• Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Biology: Unit 07

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism-incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance
• Heredity and variation: Chromosomes and genes; sex determination-in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex-linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness; mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans
• Heredity and variation: Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation-LAC operon; genome
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting
• Various forms of equations of a line: Parallel to axis, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercept form, distance of a point from a line
• Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution
• Evolution: Mechanism of evolution-variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; hardy- Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution

Biology: Unit 08

• Human health and diseases: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control; basic concepts of immunology-vaccines
• Human health and diseases: Cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence-drug and alcohol abuse
• Microbes in human welfare: Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use

Biology: Unit 09

• Biotechnology-principles and processes: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
• Biotechnology and its applications: Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture-human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues
• Biotechnology and its applications: Biopiracy and patents

Biology: Unit 10

• Organisms and populations: Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Ecosystem: Ecosystems-patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Biodiversity-concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, sacred groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Sanctuaries and Ramsar sites

General aptitude: Unit 01

General aptitude: Unit 02

General aptitude: Unit 03

General aptitude: Unit 04

General aptitude: Unit 05

General aptitude: Unit 06

General aptitude: Unit 07

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Physical quantities in SI units & derived units; standard prefixes; conversion factors; significant figures; classification of matter; physical and chemical changes; laws of chemical combinations; atomic, molecular and equivalent mass
• Solutions and representation of concentration
• Percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Reason for formation of chemical bond; types of chemical bond; factors affecting formation of the chemical bond; properties of ionic compounds and covalent compounds; valence bond theory; molecular orbital theory; energy level diagrams
• Electronic configurations; hybridisation VSEPR theory; hydrogen bond and its applications; dipole moment; bond lengths, bond energy and bond angles

Chemistry: Unit 03

• General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
• Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: Free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reaction

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
• Depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity
• Variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant
• Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment), activation energy, Arrhenius equation

Chemistry: Unit 07

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals-metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour
• Catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMNO4
• Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences
• Actinoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Coordination compounds-introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds
• Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system)

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of-dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenol
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); importance of carbohydrates
• Proteins: Elementary idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins-primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes
• Hormones: Elementary idea excluding structure
• Vitamins: Classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Biology: Unit 01

• The living world: Biodiversity; need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature
• Biological classification: Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of monera, protista and fungi into major groups; lichens, viruses and viroids
• Plant kingdom: Classification of plants into major groups; salient and distinguishing features and a few examples of algae, bryophyta, pteridophyta, gymnospermae
• Animal Kingdom: Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level

Biology: Unit 02

• Morphology of flowering plants: Morphology of different parts of flowering plants-root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. description of family solanaceae
• Anatomy of flowering plants: Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots
• Structural organization in animals: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of frog

Biology: Unit 03

• Cell-the unit of life: Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles-structure and function
• Endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus
• Biomolecules: Chemical constituents of living cells-biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; enzyme-types, properties, enzyme action
• Cell cycle and cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Biology: Unit 04

• Photosynthesis in higher plants: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis in higher plants: Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis
• Respiration in plants: Exchange of gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell
• Plant growth and development: Plant growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA

Biology: Unit 05

• Breathing and exchange of gases: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in human-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, respiratory volume
• Breathing and exchange of gases: Disorders related to respiration-asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system -structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation
• Body fluids and circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system-hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system-structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function-renin angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor
• Excretory products and their elimination: ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders-uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney, kidney transplant
• Locomotion and movement: Types of movement-ciliary, flagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal systems-myasthenia gravis, tetany
• Locomotion and movement: Disorders of muscular and skeletal systems-muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; nervous system in humans-central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse
• Chemical coordination and integration: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea)
• Chemical coordination and integration: Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goitre, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes, Addison's disease

Biology: Unit 06

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination-types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Post-fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation
• Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Biology: Unit 07

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism-incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance
• Heredity and variation: Chromosomes and genes; sex determination-in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex-linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness; mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans
• Heredity and variation: Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation-LAC operon; genome
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting
• Various forms of equations of a line: Parallel to axis, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, two-point form, intercept form, distance of a point from a line
• Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution
• Evolution: Mechanism of evolution-variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; hardy- Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution

Biology: Unit 08

• Human health and diseases: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control; basic concepts of immunology-vaccines
• Human health and diseases: Cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence-drug and alcohol abuse
• Microbes in human welfare: Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use

Biology: Unit 09

• Biotechnology-principles and processes: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
• Biotechnology and its applications: Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture-human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues
• Biotechnology and its applications: Biopiracy and patents

Biology: Unit 10

• Organisms and populations: Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Ecosystem: Ecosystems-patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Biodiversity-concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, sacred groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Sanctuaries and Ramsar sites

General aptitude: Unit 01

General aptitude: Unit 02

General aptitude: Unit 03

General aptitude: Unit 04

General aptitude: Unit 05

General aptitude: Unit 06

General aptitude: Unit 07