TS EAPCET (EAMCET) Exam 2025: Date, Application Form, Syllabus, Pattern, Eligibility, Preparation Tips, Question Paper

Physics: Unit 01

• What is physics?, scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws

Physics: Unit 02

• Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances: Size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy
• Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures
• Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations
• Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities

Physics: Unit 03

• Introduction, position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity

Physics: Unit 04

• Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method
• Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height
• Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 05

• Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, Newton's third law of motion, impulse, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction
• Circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics

Physics: Unit 06

• Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy: The work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy
• The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy: The law of conservation of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy
• The principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions, elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions

Physics: Unit 07

• Introduction, what kind of motion can a rigid body have?, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity
• Angular acceleration, kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, torque and angular momentum, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum
• Equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments, moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, theorem of perpendicular axes, theorem of parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
• Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis, conservation of angular momentum, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion

Physics: Unit 08

• Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion
• Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance

Physics: Unit 09

• Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed earth satellite
• Energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness

Physics: Unit 10

• Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio
• Applications of elastic behaviour of materials

Physics: Unit 11

• Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmosphere pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux: Torricelli's law, Venturi-meter, blood flow and heart attack
• Dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, stokes' law, Reynolds number, surface tension, surface energy, surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise
• Detergents and surface tension

Physics: Unit 12

• Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction, thermal conductivity
• Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling

Physics: Unit 13

• Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state, thermodynamic process, quasi-static process
• Isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem

Physics: Unit 14

• Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity, monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases
• Specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path

Physics: Unit 15

• Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, the speed of a travelling wave, the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, beats, Doppler effect

Physics: Unit 16

• Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, refraction, total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, optical instruments

Physics: Unit 17

• Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, polarization

Physics: Unit 18

• Introduction, electric charges, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole
• Dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, application of Gauss's law

Physics: Unit 19

• Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field
• Electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarization, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator

Physics: Unit 20

• Introduction, electric current, electric currents in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power
• Combination of resistors-series and parallel, cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer

Physics: Unit 21

• Introduction, magnetic force, motion in a magnetic field, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law
• The solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel currents, the ampere, torque on current loop, magnetic dipole, the moving coil galvanometer

Physics: Unit 22

• Introduction, the bar magnet, magnetism and Gauss's law, the Earth's magnetism, magnetization and magnetic intensity, magnetic properties of materials, permanent magnets and electromagnets

Physics: Unit 23

• Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration: A quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, AC generator

Physics: Unit 24

• Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit
• Power in AC circuit: The power factor, LC oscillations, transformers

Physics: Unit 25

• Introduction, displacement current, electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum

Physics: Unit 26

• Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric effect, experimental study of photoelectric effect, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation: Energy quantum of radiation
• Particle nature of light: The photon, wave nature of matter, Davisson and Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 27

• Introduction, alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, atomic spectra, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantisation

Physics: Unit 28

• Introduction, atomic masses and composition of nucleus, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, nuclear energy

Physics: Unit 29

• Introduction, classification of materials: Metals, semiconductors and insulators, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-n junction, semiconductor diode, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes
• Junction transistor, digital electronics and logic gates, integrated circuits

Physics: Unit 30

• Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, modulation and its necessity, amplitude modulation
• Production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Introduction; sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, drawbacks; developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation
• Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation Planck's quantum theory; Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles
• Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; quantum mechanical model of an atom
• Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms
• Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100; electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
• Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy
• Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds, crystal structure of sodium chloride
• Lattice enthalpy; general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance-polarity of bonds dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theories
• Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, strength of sigma and pi bonds, factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds
• Hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples
• Molecular orbital theory, formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals
• Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2; hydrogen bonding cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular general properties of hydrogen bonds

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases
• Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules
• Behaviour of real gases-deviation from Ideal gas behaviour-compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases
• Liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions
• Gay-Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass
• Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent
• Mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer; oxidation number concept
• Types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redoxreactions in titrimetry

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function
• (a) Work, (b) heat, (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv
• Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆rh of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations
• Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies for different types of reactions
• (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion, (b) enthalpy of atomization, phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy, (d) enthalpy of solution and dilution; spontaneity
• (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity? (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems
• Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria
• Le Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases
• Ionisation of acids and bases-ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scaleionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases
• Factors affecting acid strength, common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and ph of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer
• Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
• Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of salts

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice
• Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides
• Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate
• Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium
• Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses
• Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals: Oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium
• Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium

Chemistry: Unit 10

• General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane
• Uses of boron, aluminium and their compounds

Chemistry: Unit 11

• General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon
• Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2))
• Global warming and green house effect; acid rain-particulate pollutants, smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution
• International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution- waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life
• Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Some basic principles and techniques: General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism
• Some basic principles and techniques: Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions
• Some basic principles and techniques: Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect, electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds
• Some basic principles and techniques: Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
• Hydrocarbons: Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity
• Hydrocarbons: Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation(free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-isomerism (structural and geometrical); methods of preparation
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect)
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene; methods of preparation of acetylene
• Hydrocarbons: Alkynes-physical properties, chemical reaction-acidic character of acetylene, addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides and water; polymerization
• Hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution
• Hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity and toxicity

Chemistry: Unit 14

• General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography
• Crystal lattices and unit cells
• Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell)
• Close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions, and in three dimensions, tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids
• Packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice; calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids-types of point defects-stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects
• Electrical properties-conduction of electricity in metals, semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity and molality
• Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions
• Raoult's law as a special case of Henry's law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
• Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnormal molar masses-Van't Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction
• Electrochemistry: Conductance of electrolytic solutions measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch’s law
• Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday's laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy
• Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction
• Chemical kinetics: Integrated rate equations-zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst
• Chemical kinetics: Collision theory of chemical reaction rates

Chemistry: Unit 17

• Adsorption and absorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase
• Adsorption and absorption: Applications of adsorption
• Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis, important features of solid catalysts: (a) Activity
• Catalysis: (b) Selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry; colloids
• Classification of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium
• Classification of colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps-preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions
• Classification of colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; emulsions; colloids around us-application of colloids

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal
• Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy-Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications extraction of aluminium, iron, copper and zinc from their oxide; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction
• Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation, poling, electrolysis, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Group-15 elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties and uses
• Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation and properties; phosphorous halides; oxoacids of phosphorous
• Group-16 elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides
• Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-industrial process of manufacture, properties, and uses
• Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses
• Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds
• Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy
• Group-18 elements: Physical and chemical properties-(a) xenon fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6-preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6
• Group-18 elements: Physical and chemical properties-(b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures

Chemistry: Unit 20

• d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d-block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series
• d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties
• d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals
• d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block), lanthanoids, electronic configuration
• d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics and comparison with lanthanoids
• d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements
• Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature
• Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation, and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds
• Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
• Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Introduction; classification of polymers-classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization
• Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6, and nylon 6-poly esters
• Terylene, bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization, rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers, number average and weight average molecular masses
• Poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), ureaformaldehyde resin, glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses

Chemistry: Unit 22

• Carbohydrates-classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L and (+), (-) configurations of glucose, Structure of fructose
• Disaccharides: Sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen-importance of carbohydrates
• Amino acids: Natural aminoacids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms-Zwitter ions
• Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins
• Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action
• Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins-sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins
• Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids
• Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities

Chemistry: Unit 23

• Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure
• Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets
• Drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets
• Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs: Antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobial-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants-antifertility drugs
• Chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples

Chemistry: Unit 24

• Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond
• Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides-from alcohols, from hydrocarbons (a) by free radical halogenation (b) by electrophilic substitution (c) by replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction)
• Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides-from alcohols, from hydrocarbons (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange(Finkelstein reaction)
• Physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility
• Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes-(i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) elimination reactions
• Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes-(iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution, and (iii) reaction with metals
• Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons, and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 25

• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols, and (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds (reduction and reaction with Grignard reagents); phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Physical properties of alcohols and phenols; chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3, dehydration and oxidation
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol); ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers
• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by ,dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons
• Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons-preparation of ketones, (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes
• Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation
• Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones
• Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxylgroup; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkylbenzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents
• Carboxylic acids: (5) From acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bondacidity, reactions with metals and alkalies
• Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation
• Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids

Chemistry: Unit 26

• Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides
• Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid
• Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation
• Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization), physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode and fluoride ions
• Diazonium salts: ii) Hydrogen, hydroxyl, and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds
• Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides and isocyanides

Zoology: Unit 01

• What is life?; nature, scope, and meaning of zoology; branches of zoology; need for classification-zoos as tools for classification; basic principles of classification: Biological system of classification-(phylogenetic classification only)
• Levels or hierarchy of classification; nomenclature-Bi and trinominal; species concept; kingdom animalia; biodiversity-meaning and distribution, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity (alpha, beta, and gama)
• Other attributes of biodiversity, role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN red data books, conservation of wild life in India-legislation, preservation, organisations, threatened species

Zoology: Unit 02

• Levels of organization, multicellularity: Diploblastic and triploblastic conditions; asymmetry, symmetry: Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry
• Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and eucoelomates: Schizo and enterocoelomates (brief account of formation of coelom); tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues (make it a little more elobarative)

Zoology: Unit 03

• General characters-strictly restrict to 8 salient features only classification up to classes with two or three examples-brief account only
• Porifera; cnidaria; ctenophora; platyhelminthes; nematoda; annelida (include earthworm as a type study); arthropoda; mollusca; echinodermata; hemichordata

Zoology: Unit 04

• General characters-classification up to classes (brief account only with two or three examples)
• Phylum: Chordata; sub phylum: Urochordata; sub phylum: Cephalochordata; (agriculture, pharmacy, veterinary etc) sub phylum: Vertebrata; super class: Agnatha, class cyclostomata; super class: Gnathostomata, super class pisces, class: Chondricthyes
• Class: Osteichthyes; tetrapoda, class: Amphibia (including the brief type study of frog), class: Reptilia, class: Aves, class: Mammalia

Zoology: Unit 05

• Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella and cilia (brief account giving two examples each)
• Flagellar and ciliary movement-effective and recovery strokes in euglena, synchronal and metachronal movements in paramecium; reproduction: Definition, types
• Asexual reproduction: Transverse binary fission in paramecium and longitudinal binary fission in euglena
• Multiple fission, sexual reproduction

Zoology: Unit 06

• Parasitism and parasitic adaptation; health and disease: Introduction life cycle, pathogenecity, treatment and prevention (brief account only) 1. entamoeba histolytica 2. plasmodium vivax 3. ascaris lumbricoides 4. wuchereria bancrofti
• Brief account of pathogenicity, treatment and prevention of typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, and ring worm; tobaco, drugs, and alcohol abuse (TDA abuse)

Zoology: Unit 07

• Habitat and habits; external features; locomotion; digestive system; respiratory system; circulatory system; excretory system; nervous system-sense organs, structure of ommatidium; reproductive system

Zoology: Unit 08

• Organisms and environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome and ecosphere (definitions only); ecosystem: Elementary aspects only, abiotic factors-light, temperature and water (biological effects only), ecological adaptations
• Ecosystem: Population interactions; types, components, lake ecosystem; food chains, food web, productivity and energy flow in ecosystem, ecological pyramids-pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy
• Nutritient cycling-carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles (brief account); population attributes: Growth, natality, and mortality, age distribution, population regulation; environmental issues

Zoology: Unit 09

• Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; physiology of digestion and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, egestion, calorific value of proteins
• Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats, disorders of digestive system, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea
• Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiratory movements, respiratory volumes
• Breathing and respiration: Respiratory disorders-asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, occupational respiratory disorders-asbestosis, silicosis, siderosis, black lung disease in coal mine workers

Zoology: Unit 10

• Body fluids and circulation: Lymphatic system; clotting of blood; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation, circulatory pathways, portal circulation and coronary circulation
• Body fluids and circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, excretory organs; human excretory system-structure of kidney and nephron; urine formation, osmoregulation
• Excretory products and their elimination: Regulation of kidney function, renin-angiotensin, aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion
• Excretory products and their elimination: Disorders-uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, glomerular nephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney, and kidney transplantation

Zoology: Unit 11

• Muscular and skeletal system: Skeletal muscle-ultra structure; contractile proteins and mechanism of muscle contraction, muscle fatigue, types of muscle fibres, skeletal system and its functions; joints; types of joints and structure of synovial joint
• Muscular and skeletal system: Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout
• Neural control and coordination: Nervous system in human beings-central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and somatic and autonomic neural system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs
• Neural control and coordination: Brief description of other receptors; elementary structure and functioning of eye and ear, disorders of human neural system

Zoology: Unit 12

• Endocrine system and chemical coordination: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus gland, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea only)
• Endocrine system and chemical coordination: Hormones of kidney, heart and gastrointestinal tract, role of hormones as messengers and regulators
• Hypo and hyper activity and related disorders: Common disorders-dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome (diseases and disorders to be dealt in brief)
• Immune system: Basic concepts of immunology-types of immunity-innate immunity, acquired immunity, active and passive immunity, cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity, cells of immune system, organs of immune system
• Immune system: Soluble mediators of immunity and immunological disorders

Zoology: Unit 13

• Human reproductive system: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproductive system: Pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Zoology: Unit 14

• Heredity and variation: Mendel's laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila. (Drosophila melanogaster grey, black body colour; long, vestigial wings), pleiotropy
• Multiple alleles: Inheritance of blood groups and Rh-factor; codominance (blood groups as example); elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; skin colour in humans
• Sex determination-in humans, birds, Fumea moth, genic balance theory of sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster and honey bees; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness
• Mendelian disorders in humans: Thalassemia, haemophilia, sickle celled anaemia, cystiefibrosis PKU, Alkaptonuria; chromosomal disorders-Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome; genome, human genome project and DNA finger printing

Zoology: Unit 15

• Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological, and molecular evidences)
• Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin’s theory of evolution-natural selection with example (Kettlewell’s experiments on bistonbitularia), mutation theory of Hugo De Vries
• Modern synthetic theory of evolution-Hardy Weinberg law, evolutionary forces, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; human evolution; speciation-allopatric, sympatric; reproductive isolation

Zoology: Unit 16

• Beekeeping, animal husbandry: Fishery management, poultry management, dairy management; animal breeding; bio-medical technology: Diagnostic imaging (X-ray, CT-scan, MRI), ECG, EEG
• Application of biotechnology in health: Human insulin and vaccine production; gene therapy; transgenic animals; ELISA; vaccines, MABs, cancer biology, stem cells

Physics: Unit 01

• What is physics?, scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws

Physics: Unit 02

• Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances: Size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy
• Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures
• Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations
• Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities

Physics: Unit 03

• Introduction, position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity

Physics: Unit 04

• Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method
• Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height
• Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 05

• Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, Newton's third law of motion, impulse, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction
• Circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics

Physics: Unit 06

• Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy: The work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy
• The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy: The law of conservation of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy
• The principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions, elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions

Physics: Unit 07

• Introduction, what kind of motion can a rigid body have?, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity
• Angular acceleration, kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, torque and angular momentum, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum
• Equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments, moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, theorem of perpendicular axes, theorem of parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
• Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis, conservation of angular momentum, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion

Physics: Unit 08

• Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion
• Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance

Physics: Unit 09

• Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed earth satellite
• Energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness

Physics: Unit 10

• Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio
• Applications of elastic behaviour of materials

Physics: Unit 11

• Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmosphere pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux: Torricelli's law, Venturi-meter, blood flow and heart attack
• Dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, stokes' law, Reynolds number, surface tension, surface energy, surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise
• Detergents and surface tension

Physics: Unit 12

• Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction, thermal conductivity
• Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling

Physics: Unit 13

• Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state, thermodynamic process, quasi-static process
• Isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem

Physics: Unit 14

• Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity, monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases
• Specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path

Physics: Unit 15

• Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, the speed of a travelling wave, the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, beats, Doppler effect

Physics: Unit 16

• Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, refraction, total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, optical instruments

Physics: Unit 17

• Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, polarization

Physics: Unit 18

• Introduction, electric charges, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole
• Dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, application of Gauss's law

Physics: Unit 19

• Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field
• Electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarization, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator

Physics: Unit 20

• Introduction, electric current, electric currents in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power
• Combination of resistors-series and parallel, cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer

Physics: Unit 21

• Introduction, magnetic force, motion in a magnetic field, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law
• The solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel currents, the ampere, torque on current loop, magnetic dipole, the moving coil galvanometer

Physics: Unit 22

• Introduction, the bar magnet, magnetism and Gauss's law, the Earth's magnetism, magnetization and magnetic intensity, magnetic properties of materials, permanent magnets and electromagnets

Physics: Unit 23

• Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration: A quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, AC generator

Physics: Unit 24

• Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit
• Power in AC circuit: The power factor, LC oscillations, transformers

Physics: Unit 25

• Introduction, displacement current, electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum

Physics: Unit 26

• Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric effect, experimental study of photoelectric effect, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation: Energy quantum of radiation
• Particle nature of light: The photon, wave nature of matter, Davisson and Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 27

• Introduction, alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, atomic spectra, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantisation

Physics: Unit 28

• Introduction, atomic masses and composition of nucleus, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, nuclear energy

Physics: Unit 29

• Introduction, classification of materials: Metals, semiconductors and insulators, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-n junction, semiconductor diode, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes
• Junction transistor, digital electronics and logic gates, integrated circuits

Physics: Unit 30

• Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, modulation and its necessity, amplitude modulation
• Production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Introduction; sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, drawbacks; developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation
• Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation Planck's quantum theory; Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles
• Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; quantum mechanical model of an atom
• Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms
• Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100; electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
• Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy
• Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds, crystal structure of sodium chloride
• Lattice enthalpy; general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance-polarity of bonds dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theories
• Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, strength of sigma and pi bonds, factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds
• Hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples
• Molecular orbital theory, formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals
• Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2; hydrogen bonding cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular general properties of hydrogen bonds

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases
• Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules
• Behaviour of real gases-deviation from Ideal gas behaviour-compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases
• Liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions
• Gay-Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass
• Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent
• Mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer; oxidation number concept
• Types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redoxreactions in titrimetry

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function
• (a) Work, (b) heat, (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv
• Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆rh of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations
• Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies for different types of reactions
• (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion, (b) enthalpy of atomization, phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy, (d) enthalpy of solution and dilution; spontaneity
• (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity? (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems
• Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria
• Le Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases
• Ionisation of acids and bases-ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scaleionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases
• Factors affecting acid strength, common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and ph of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer
• Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
• Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of salts

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice
• Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides
• Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate
• Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium
• Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses
• Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals: Oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium
• Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium

Chemistry: Unit 10

• General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane
• Uses of boron, aluminium and their compounds

Chemistry: Unit 11

• General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon
• Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2))
• Global warming and green house effect; acid rain-particulate pollutants, smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution
• International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution- waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life
• Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Some basic principles and techniques: General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism
• Some basic principles and techniques: Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions
• Some basic principles and techniques: Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect, electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds
• Some basic principles and techniques: Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
• Hydrocarbons: Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity
• Hydrocarbons: Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation(free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-isomerism (structural and geometrical); methods of preparation
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect)
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene; methods of preparation of acetylene
• Hydrocarbons: Alkynes-physical properties, chemical reaction-acidic character of acetylene, addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides and water; polymerization
• Hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution
• Hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity and toxicity

Chemistry: Unit 14

• General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography
• Crystal lattices and unit cells
• Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell)
• Close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions, and in three dimensions, tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids
• Packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice; calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids-types of point defects-stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects
• Electrical properties-conduction of electricity in metals, semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity and molality
• Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions
• Raoult's law as a special case of Henry's law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
• Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnormal molar masses-Van't Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction
• Electrochemistry: Conductance of electrolytic solutions measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch’s law
• Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday's laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy
• Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction
• Chemical kinetics: Integrated rate equations-zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst
• Chemical kinetics: Collision theory of chemical reaction rates

Chemistry: Unit 17

• Adsorption and absorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase
• Adsorption and absorption: Applications of adsorption
• Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis, important features of solid catalysts: (a) Activity
• Catalysis: (b) Selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry; colloids
• Classification of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium
• Classification of colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps-preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions
• Classification of colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; emulsions; colloids around us-application of colloids

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal
• Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy-Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications extraction of aluminium, iron, copper and zinc from their oxide; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction
• Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation, poling, electrolysis, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Group-15 elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties and uses
• Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation and properties; phosphorous halides; oxoacids of phosphorous
• Group-16 elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides
• Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-industrial process of manufacture, properties, and uses
• Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses
• Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds
• Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy
• Group-18 elements: Physical and chemical properties-(a) xenon fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6-preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6
• Group-18 elements: Physical and chemical properties-(b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures

Chemistry: Unit 20

• d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d-block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series
• d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties
• d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals
• d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block), lanthanoids, electronic configuration
• d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics and comparison with lanthanoids
• d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements
• Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature
• Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation, and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds
• Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
• Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Introduction; classification of polymers-classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization
• Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6, and nylon 6-poly esters
• Terylene, bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization, rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers, number average and weight average molecular masses
• Poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), ureaformaldehyde resin, glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses

Chemistry: Unit 22

• Carbohydrates-classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L and (+), (-) configurations of glucose, Structure of fructose
• Disaccharides: Sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen-importance of carbohydrates
• Amino acids: Natural aminoacids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms-Zwitter ions
• Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins
• Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action
• Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins-sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins
• Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids
• Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities

Chemistry: Unit 23

• Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure
• Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets
• Drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets
• Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs: Antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobial-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants-antifertility drugs
• Chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples

Chemistry: Unit 24

• Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond
• Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides-from alcohols, from hydrocarbons (a) by free radical halogenation (b) by electrophilic substitution (c) by replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction)
• Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides-from alcohols, from hydrocarbons (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange(Finkelstein reaction)
• Physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility
• Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes-(i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) elimination reactions
• Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes-(iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution, and (iii) reaction with metals
• Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons, and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 25

• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols, and (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds (reduction and reaction with Grignard reagents); phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Physical properties of alcohols and phenols; chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3, dehydration and oxidation
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol); ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers
• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by ,dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons
• Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons-preparation of ketones, (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes
• Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation
• Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones
• Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxylgroup; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkylbenzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents
• Carboxylic acids: (5) From acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bondacidity, reactions with metals and alkalies
• Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation
• Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids

Chemistry: Unit 26

• Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides
• Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid
• Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation
• Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization), physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode and fluoride ions
• Diazonium salts: ii) Hydrogen, hydroxyl, and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds
• Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides and isocyanides

Zoology: Unit 01

• What is life?; nature, scope, and meaning of zoology; branches of zoology; need for classification-zoos as tools for classification; basic principles of classification: Biological system of classification-(phylogenetic classification only)
• Levels or hierarchy of classification; nomenclature-Bi and trinominal; species concept; kingdom animalia; biodiversity-meaning and distribution, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity (alpha, beta, and gama)
• Other attributes of biodiversity, role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN red data books, conservation of wild life in India-legislation, preservation, organisations, threatened species

Zoology: Unit 02

• Levels of organization, multicellularity: Diploblastic and triploblastic conditions; asymmetry, symmetry: Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry
• Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and eucoelomates: Schizo and enterocoelomates (brief account of formation of coelom); tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues (make it a little more elobarative)

Zoology: Unit 03

• General characters-strictly restrict to 8 salient features only classification up to classes with two or three examples-brief account only
• Porifera; cnidaria; ctenophora; platyhelminthes; nematoda; annelida (include earthworm as a type study); arthropoda; mollusca; echinodermata; hemichordata

Zoology: Unit 04

• General characters-classification up to classes (brief account only with two or three examples)
• Phylum: Chordata; sub phylum: Urochordata; sub phylum: Cephalochordata; (agriculture, pharmacy, veterinary etc) sub phylum: Vertebrata; super class: Agnatha, class cyclostomata; super class: Gnathostomata, super class pisces, class: Chondricthyes
• Class: Osteichthyes; tetrapoda, class: Amphibia (including the brief type study of frog), class: Reptilia, class: Aves, class: Mammalia

Zoology: Unit 05

• Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella and cilia (brief account giving two examples each)
• Flagellar and ciliary movement-effective and recovery strokes in euglena, synchronal and metachronal movements in paramecium; reproduction: Definition, types
• Asexual reproduction: Transverse binary fission in paramecium and longitudinal binary fission in euglena
• Multiple fission, sexual reproduction

Zoology: Unit 06

• Parasitism and parasitic adaptation; health and disease: Introduction life cycle, pathogenecity, treatment and prevention (brief account only) 1. entamoeba histolytica 2. plasmodium vivax 3. ascaris lumbricoides 4. wuchereria bancrofti
• Brief account of pathogenicity, treatment and prevention of typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, and ring worm; tobaco, drugs, and alcohol abuse (TDA abuse)

Zoology: Unit 07

• Habitat and habits; external features; locomotion; digestive system; respiratory system; circulatory system; excretory system; nervous system-sense organs, structure of ommatidium; reproductive system

Zoology: Unit 08

• Organisms and environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome and ecosphere (definitions only); ecosystem: Elementary aspects only, abiotic factors-light, temperature and water (biological effects only), ecological adaptations
• Ecosystem: Population interactions; types, components, lake ecosystem; food chains, food web, productivity and energy flow in ecosystem, ecological pyramids-pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy
• Nutritient cycling-carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles (brief account); population attributes: Growth, natality, and mortality, age distribution, population regulation; environmental issues

Zoology: Unit 09

• Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; physiology of digestion and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, egestion, calorific value of proteins
• Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats, disorders of digestive system, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea
• Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiratory movements, respiratory volumes
• Breathing and respiration: Respiratory disorders-asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, occupational respiratory disorders-asbestosis, silicosis, siderosis, black lung disease in coal mine workers

Zoology: Unit 10

• Body fluids and circulation: Lymphatic system; clotting of blood; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation, circulatory pathways, portal circulation and coronary circulation
• Body fluids and circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, excretory organs; human excretory system-structure of kidney and nephron; urine formation, osmoregulation
• Excretory products and their elimination: Regulation of kidney function, renin-angiotensin, aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion
• Excretory products and their elimination: Disorders-uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, glomerular nephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney, and kidney transplantation

Zoology: Unit 11

• Muscular and skeletal system: Skeletal muscle-ultra structure; contractile proteins and mechanism of muscle contraction, muscle fatigue, types of muscle fibres, skeletal system and its functions; joints; types of joints and structure of synovial joint
• Muscular and skeletal system: Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout
• Neural control and coordination: Nervous system in human beings-central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and somatic and autonomic neural system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs
• Neural control and coordination: Brief description of other receptors; elementary structure and functioning of eye and ear, disorders of human neural system

Zoology: Unit 12

• Endocrine system and chemical coordination: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus gland, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea only)
• Endocrine system and chemical coordination: Hormones of kidney, heart and gastrointestinal tract, role of hormones as messengers and regulators
• Hypo and hyper activity and related disorders: Common disorders-dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome (diseases and disorders to be dealt in brief)
• Immune system: Basic concepts of immunology-types of immunity-innate immunity, acquired immunity, active and passive immunity, cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity, cells of immune system, organs of immune system
• Immune system: Soluble mediators of immunity and immunological disorders

Zoology: Unit 13

• Human reproductive system: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproductive system: Pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Zoology: Unit 14

• Heredity and variation: Mendel's laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila. (Drosophila melanogaster grey, black body colour; long, vestigial wings), pleiotropy
• Multiple alleles: Inheritance of blood groups and Rh-factor; codominance (blood groups as example); elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; skin colour in humans
• Sex determination-in humans, birds, Fumea moth, genic balance theory of sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster and honey bees; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness
• Mendelian disorders in humans: Thalassemia, haemophilia, sickle celled anaemia, cystiefibrosis PKU, Alkaptonuria; chromosomal disorders-Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome; genome, human genome project and DNA finger printing

Zoology: Unit 15

• Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological, and molecular evidences)
• Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin’s theory of evolution-natural selection with example (Kettlewell’s experiments on bistonbitularia), mutation theory of Hugo De Vries
• Modern synthetic theory of evolution-Hardy Weinberg law, evolutionary forces, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; human evolution; speciation-allopatric, sympatric; reproductive isolation

Zoology: Unit 16

• Beekeeping, animal husbandry: Fishery management, poultry management, dairy management; animal breeding; bio-medical technology: Diagnostic imaging (X-ray, CT-scan, MRI), ECG, EEG
• Application of biotechnology in health: Human insulin and vaccine production; gene therapy; transgenic animals; ELISA; vaccines, MABs, cancer biology, stem cells

Physics: Unit 01

• What is physics?, scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws

Physics: Unit 02

• Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances: Size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy
• Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures
• Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations
• Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities

Physics: Unit 03

• Introduction, position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity

Physics: Unit 04

• Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method
• Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height
• Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 05

• Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, Newton's third law of motion, impulse, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction
• Circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics

Physics: Unit 06

• Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy: The work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy
• The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy: The law of conservation of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy
• The principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions, elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions

Physics: Unit 07

• Introduction, what kind of motion can a rigid body have?, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity
• Angular acceleration, kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, torque and angular momentum, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum
• Equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments, moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, theorem of perpendicular axes, theorem of parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
• Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis, conservation of angular momentum, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion

Physics: Unit 08

• Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion
• Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance

Physics: Unit 09

• Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed earth satellite
• Energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness

Physics: Unit 10

• Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio
• Applications of elastic behaviour of materials

Physics: Unit 11

• Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmosphere pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux: Torricelli's law, Venturi-meter, blood flow and heart attack
• Dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, stokes' law, Reynolds number, surface tension, surface energy, surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise
• Detergents and surface tension

Physics: Unit 12

• Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction, thermal conductivity
• Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling

Physics: Unit 13

• Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state, thermodynamic process, quasi-static process
• Isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem

Physics: Unit 14

• Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity, monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases
• Specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path

Physics: Unit 15

• Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, the speed of a travelling wave, the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, beats, Doppler effect

Physics: Unit 16

• Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, refraction, total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, optical instruments

Physics: Unit 17

• Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, polarization

Physics: Unit 18

• Introduction, electric charges, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole
• Dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, application of Gauss's law

Physics: Unit 19

• Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field
• Electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarization, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator

Physics: Unit 20

• Introduction, electric current, electric currents in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power
• Combination of resistors-series and parallel, cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer

Physics: Unit 21

• Introduction, magnetic force, motion in a magnetic field, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law
• The solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel currents, the ampere, torque on current loop, magnetic dipole, the moving coil galvanometer

Physics: Unit 22

• Introduction, the bar magnet, magnetism and Gauss's law, the Earth's magnetism, magnetization and magnetic intensity, magnetic properties of materials, permanent magnets and electromagnets

Physics: Unit 23

• Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration: A quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, AC generator

Physics: Unit 24

• Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit
• Power in AC circuit: The power factor, LC oscillations, transformers

Physics: Unit 25

• Introduction, displacement current, electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum

Physics: Unit 26

• Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric effect, experimental study of photoelectric effect, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation: Energy quantum of radiation
• Particle nature of light: The photon, wave nature of matter, Davisson and Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 27

• Introduction, alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, atomic spectra, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantisation

Physics: Unit 28

• Introduction, atomic masses and composition of nucleus, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, nuclear energy

Physics: Unit 29

• Introduction, classification of materials: Metals, semiconductors and insulators, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-n junction, semiconductor diode, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes
• Junction transistor, digital electronics and logic gates, integrated circuits

Physics: Unit 30

• Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, modulation and its necessity, amplitude modulation
• Production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Introduction; sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, drawbacks; developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation
• Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation Planck's quantum theory; Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles
• Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; quantum mechanical model of an atom
• Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms
• Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100; electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table
• Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy
• Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds, crystal structure of sodium chloride
• Lattice enthalpy; general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance-polarity of bonds dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theories
• Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, strength of sigma and pi bonds, factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds
• Hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples
• Molecular orbital theory, formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals
• Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2; hydrogen bonding cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular general properties of hydrogen bonds

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases
• Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules
• Behaviour of real gases-deviation from Ideal gas behaviour-compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases
• Liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions
• Gay-Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass
• Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent
• Mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer; oxidation number concept
• Types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redoxreactions in titrimetry

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function
• (a) Work, (b) heat, (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv
• Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆rh of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations
• Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies for different types of reactions
• (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion, (b) enthalpy of atomization, phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy, (d) enthalpy of solution and dilution; spontaneity
• (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity? (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems
• Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria
• Le Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases
• Ionisation of acids and bases-ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scaleionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases
• Factors affecting acid strength, common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and ph of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer
• Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
• Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of salts

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice
• Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides
• Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate
• Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium
• Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses
• Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals: Oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium
• Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium

Chemistry: Unit 10

• General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane
• Uses of boron, aluminium and their compounds

Chemistry: Unit 11

• General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon
• Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2))
• Global warming and green house effect; acid rain-particulate pollutants, smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution
• International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution- waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life
• Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Some basic principles and techniques: General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism
• Some basic principles and techniques: Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions
• Some basic principles and techniques: Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect, electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds
• Some basic principles and techniques: Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds
• Hydrocarbons: Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity
• Hydrocarbons: Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation(free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-isomerism (structural and geometrical); methods of preparation
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect)
• Hydrocarbons: Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene; methods of preparation of acetylene
• Hydrocarbons: Alkynes-physical properties, chemical reaction-acidic character of acetylene, addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides and water; polymerization
• Hydrocarbons: Aromatic hydrocarbons-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution
• Hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity and toxicity

Chemistry: Unit 14

• General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography
• Crystal lattices and unit cells
• Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell)
• Close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions, and in three dimensions, tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids
• Packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice; calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids-types of point defects-stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects
• Electrical properties-conduction of electricity in metals, semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity and molality
• Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions
• Raoult's law as a special case of Henry's law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point
• Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnormal molar masses-Van't Hoff factor

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction
• Electrochemistry: Conductance of electrolytic solutions measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch’s law
• Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday's laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy
• Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction
• Chemical kinetics: Integrated rate equations-zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst
• Chemical kinetics: Collision theory of chemical reaction rates

Chemistry: Unit 17

• Adsorption and absorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase
• Adsorption and absorption: Applications of adsorption
• Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis, important features of solid catalysts: (a) Activity
• Catalysis: (b) Selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry; colloids
• Classification of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium
• Classification of colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps-preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions
• Classification of colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; emulsions; colloids around us-application of colloids

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal
• Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy-Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications extraction of aluminium, iron, copper and zinc from their oxide; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction
• Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation, poling, electrolysis, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Group-15 elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties and uses
• Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation and properties; phosphorous halides; oxoacids of phosphorous
• Group-16 elements: Occurrence-electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides
• Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-industrial process of manufacture, properties, and uses
• Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses
• Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds
• Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy
• Group-18 elements: Physical and chemical properties-(a) xenon fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6-preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6
• Group-18 elements: Physical and chemical properties-(b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures

Chemistry: Unit 20

• d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d-block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series
• d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties
• d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals
• d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block), lanthanoids, electronic configuration
• d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics and comparison with lanthanoids
• d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements
• Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature
• Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation, and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds
• Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
• Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Introduction; classification of polymers-classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization
• Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6, and nylon 6-poly esters
• Terylene, bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization, rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers, number average and weight average molecular masses
• Poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), ureaformaldehyde resin, glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses

Chemistry: Unit 22

• Carbohydrates-classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L and (+), (-) configurations of glucose, Structure of fructose
• Disaccharides: Sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen-importance of carbohydrates
• Amino acids: Natural aminoacids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms-Zwitter ions
• Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins
• Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action
• Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins-sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins
• Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids
• Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities

Chemistry: Unit 23

• Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure
• Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets
• Drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets
• Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs: Antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobial-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants-antifertility drugs
• Chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples

Chemistry: Unit 24

• Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond
• Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides-from alcohols, from hydrocarbons (a) by free radical halogenation (b) by electrophilic substitution (c) by replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction)
• Methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides-from alcohols, from hydrocarbons (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange(Finkelstein reaction)
• Physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility
• Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes-(i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) elimination reactions
• Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes-(iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution, and (iii) reaction with metals
• Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons, and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 25

• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols, and (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds (reduction and reaction with Grignard reagents); phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Physical properties of alcohols and phenols; chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3, dehydration and oxidation
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol); ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers
• Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by ,dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons
• Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons-preparation of ketones, (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes
• Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation
• Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones
• Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxylgroup; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkylbenzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents
• Carboxylic acids: (5) From acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bondacidity, reactions with metals and alkalies
• Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation
• Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids

Chemistry: Unit 26

• Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides
• Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid
• Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation
• Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization), physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode and fluoride ions
• Diazonium salts: ii) Hydrogen, hydroxyl, and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds
• Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides and isocyanides