Correct Answer: Harmika

Solution : The correct option is Harmika

The square or rectangular structure at the summit of a Buddhist stupa is referred to as a "harmika". It is a unique architectural feature that sits atop the stupa and is frequently interpreted as a metaphor for the gods' dwelling. The harmika is a raised platform, like a railing, situated above the stupa's main body.

Correct Answer: chaitya griha

Solution : The correct option is chaitya griha.

A Buddhist prayer hall or worship space is called a chaitya. A central nave, side aisles, and a stupa or shrine at one end are usually present. In chaityas, devotees would congregate for group worship, meditation, and religious rituals. Congregational activities were made possible by the design of chaityas.

Correct Answer: Ornamentation and grandeur

Solution : Correct Option: 2
Explanation: The Lotus Mahal in Hampi is an example of Indo-Islamic architecture, showcasing a blend of Hindu and Islamic architectural styles.

Correct Answer: The art and science of designing buildings is called architecture.

Solution : The second option is the correct answer.

The correct spelling is architecture which refers to the art and science of designing and constructing buildings, including the planning, design, and coordination of spaces and structures to meet specific aesthetic and functional objectives.

Therefore, the correct answer is: "The art and science of designing buildings is called architecture."

Correct Answer: Innovation in construction techniques

Solution : Correct Option: 2
Explanation: The use of monolithic structures in Vijayanagar architecture is an example of innovation in construction techniques, as it demonstrates the skill and creativity of the builders in carving and shaping large single pieces of stone.

Correct Answer: The influence of religious beliefs on art and architecture

Solution : Correct Option: 2
Explanation: The analysis of temple architecture in Hampi reveals the influence of religious beliefs on art and architecture, as the design and decoration of temples reflect the spiritual and cultural values of the time.

Correct Answer: Reconstructing the original city layout

Solution : Correct Option: 1
Explanation: The visual documentation of Hampi's architecture has helped in reconstructing the original city layout, providing insights into the urban planning and design of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Correct Answer: Tiny

Solution : The fourth option is the correct choice.

The underlined word colossal in the given sentence implies a massive or enormous size, describing the building amidst the ruins. The antonym tiny is suitable because it signifies the opposite end of the size spectrum, denoting something very small.

The meanings of the other options are as follows:

• Enormous means extremely large or huge.

• Extraordinary means remarkable or exceptional.

• Quaint refers to something attractively old-fashioned or charmingly unusual.

Therefore, the correct answer is tiny.

Correct Answer: Pala dynasty

Solution : The correct option is the Pala dynasty.

The Siddhesvara Temple at Barakar is placed in the 8th century CE (early Pala era) and shows a modest tri-ratha (actually depicting a transition from tri-ratha to pancha-ratha) structure rising to a height of 36.5 feet. The shikara shows ornamentation carved in shallow relief. 

Correct Answer: Jain

Solution : The correct answer is Jain.

Dilwara Temples at Mount Abu, Rajasthan is an example of Jain temple architecture. These temples were constructed during the 11th and 16th centuries. These temples are carved in marble and enshrine the various Jain Tirthankaras.