Hi,

Surface Water ,  is the water which you can easily found on the surface of lakes, ponds, oceans, river etc. It is just same as its name. Now, as this water is present on the surface, so this water contains many impurities caused by direct expose to the environment. So, this water is not used in drinking purposes normally. On the other hand, ground water is the water that is found deep inside ground. We get this water using some motors, pumps etc. Usually this water is safe for drinking because it gets purified by the bed of rocks present inside the ground.

Degradation of water is caused by many ways.

• Industrial waste
• mining works
• wastage or overuse of water
• no proper maintenance of sewage system

Hope it helps.

Hello,

Primary pollution are emitted directly from a source, which can be natural (volcanic eruptions or fires, for example) or of anthropogenic origin (carbon monoxide from vehicles). SOme examples are Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO2, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Ammonia (NH3), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formed by hydrocarbons in a gaseous state at room temperature, Particles in suspension (PM), constituted by dust, pollen, ashes, metallic particles, etc.

on the other hand Secondary pollutants, are not emitted directly rather its origin lies in the interactions between the primary emissions in the atmosphere. An example is Tropospheric ozone or “bad ozone” is formed by the interaction of various precursors (volatile organic compounds, CO, NOx, etc.) in the presence of sunlight.

People exposed to these pollution may suffer from Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat , Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulties, Worsening of existing lung and heart problems, such as asth, Increased risk of heart attack.

air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects like Acid rain, haxe, wildfires, etc

hello aspirant ...

Habitat is the home of animals.Forest is the habitat of animals They live in their habitat and they can search for food and give birth to their babies in their habitat.

All the birds,animals,plants and trees live with proper cooperation and peaceful harmony with other animals without disturbing anyone.

But when man enters their world,the man stars habitat destruction fir example deforestation,killing of animals and birds.

All this kind of habitat destruction can eventually lead to a danger to global biodiversity.Because deforestation lead to water crisis and draught.Many endemic organisms have very specific requirements for their survival that can only be found within a certain ecosystem, resulting in their extinction. Extinction may also take place very long after the destruction of habitat, a phenomenon known as extinction debt. Habitat destruction can also decrease the range of certain organism populations. This can result in the reduction of genetic diversity and perhaps the production of infertile youths, as these organisms would have a higher possibility of mating with related organisms within their population, or different species.

hope it helps !

hello aspirant ...

• The most important issues that are associated with the enforcement of Environmental legislation in India includes
• The polluter-pays principle, Freedom of information and the precautionary principle.
• Now a days the environment that we survive is highly polluted.
• The process of deforestation continues and the wild life is not protected properly even with the enforcement of many laws.
• It does not mean that enforcing laws eradicate many problems.
• There are still more problems that are related to the pollution of water, soil and resources of earth that are considered to be valuable.
• It is very essential for the environmental legislation to take actions to overview whether laws are enforced properly.
• If any one violates any of the laws strict actions must be taken by them against their acts.

hope it helps !

Hello,

Forests play a vital role in maintaining the balance. Today deforestation has resulted in the gradual decline in the forest areas, resulting in loss of habitats, mass extinction of various species of flora and fauna, soil erosion, climate change and global warming.

Here are some points explaining the benefits that a forest offers:

• Forests absorb harmful green house gases thereby reducing the accelerating speed at which global warming happens.
• The roots of the trees hold the soil together, thereby preventing soil erosion.
• It provides as a buffer, sheltering us  during disasters like floods and rainfalls.
• Providing habitat to more than half of the world’s land-based species

So, being a responsible human being, it is our duty and right to protect the forest and make the world abetter place to live in

Hi Aspirant,

Groundwater is stored in large aquifers and must be drained out of the ground after digging a deep well. In lakes, rivers and streams, the intake of surface water is drawn into the public water system.

Surface water is found in a river, lake or other land. Water is not very high in mineral content, and is sometimes referred to as soft water even though it may not be.

Groundwater is water trapped in or around a subsurface layer of soil or rock. There are many ways in which groundwater sources can be refilled, including rain that soaks in the soil, rivers disappearing underground and melting snow.

The sources of water degradation are acid rain, sewage and wastewater, oil pollutants, toxic waste, dumping, etc. or you can say that these are the main factors responsible for water pollution.

Thank you

Hi Aspirant,

• The benthic zone is the layer closest to the bottom of the water body, while the pelagic zone belongs to the uppermost layers of the water body.
• The species living in the benthic area are coined as 'benthos,' and the organisms residing in the pelagic regions are referred to as pelagic organism.
• In terms of the open sea, the benthic zone is characterized by low temperatures, low dissolved oxygen levels, low/no light and high pressures. There is however a gradient in the pelagic zone from top to bottom.
• When we equate the diversity in these areas, the rich pelagic waters have higher diversity than the benthic zone with lower wealth.
• Photosynthesis does take place in the epipelagic zone, but the benthic zone does not get enough light.
• Pelagic food webs are dominated by photosynthesis, while benthic ecosystems are usually powered by detritus drifting from the upper layers.
• No photosynthetic organism can be found in the benthic region; it is inhabited by detritivores and scavengers. Photosynthetic species as well as active predators are dominant in the pelagic zone.
• Most of all creatures in the benthic zone are bottom-dwellers or sessile animals, while all creatures in the pelagic zone are free-living.

Thank you

Hello student,

Direct use value of biodiversity :

Direct values are concerned with the enjoyment or satisfaction received directly by biological resources.

They can be relatively observed and measured often by assigning prices to them.

These are of two types

• Consumptive use (no market value)
• Productive use (market value)

Indirect use value of biodiversity :

It details primarily with the functions or ecosystems.

These do not appear normally in the national accounting systems but, they may outwiegh the direct values when they are computed.

These reflects the value of biological diversity to society locally or at large rather than to individuals or corporate entitites.

Direct values are often derived form indirect values.

Hope this helps.

Hello Sudesh!

I am trying to explain the answer to your question using points.

1)Primary succession in ecological view is the development of new habitats in barren and lifeless areas that are unaffected and untouched by any pre-existing life forms. On the other hand, secondary succession is the development of habitat that follows after the destruction of an already existing habitat and ecosystem.

2) There is no initial vegetation in the places that experience primary succession. But initial vegetation is always present in places where secondary succession occurs.

3) Primary succession is stimulated by an external agent or a biological factor(for eg, lichens on barren rock are responsible for weathering of those rocks to form fertile soil). In case of secondary succession, only an external factor initiates the process.

4) Soil is absent before the beginning of primary succession but soil is always present before secondary succession.

5) The species which initiate the primary succession process are always from an outside ecosystem. These species are called pioneer species(eg, lichens). The species which initiate secondary succession are from the same ecosystem.

6) Primary succession is a very long process while secondary succession has a shorter duration.

7) Some examples of primary succession include the formation of a new ecosystem after a volcano, glacier outbursts, or a nuclear explosion. Some examples of secondary succession include succession after fire, harvesting, logging, or abandonment of land or the renewal after a disease outbreak.

Hope this answer helps!

Hi Aspirant :

Environment is where the living and non-living that exists .For the living . they are dependent on the environment for food ,shelter , water and other needs. We need a healthy environment to survive , so we should start protecting our own environment .Environment is everything that is around it can be living or non living things that includes physical chemical and other natural forces living things live in their environment .They constantly interact with is and changing response to conditions in their environment. The importance of environment is that it is composed of air, water, forest etc., all of which are interdependent to complete the weather patterns across the globe. All this wildlife enjoys an environment that is largely dependent upon human activity and so is the outcome of climate change. Climate change is due to human choices going against environmental degradation. For example, we hear of oceans water filled with toxic plastics which take more than 500 years to degrade is environmental degradation. Another example being the timely monsoons occurrence is a good environment.

Hope this helped!