Hello candidate,

The entire human race and almost all living beings deciding on this planet are directly or indirectly dependent on environment for its survival. The environment is the place from which we get all the basic necessities of life such as food, water, air, and other assets for survival.

Talking about day to day life activities we cannot imagine our life without oxygen or food without the help of soil. That's how important the role of environment is in our lives as it cannot be possible without it.

Good Luck!!

Hello applicant,

*Following are the best books for studying history for UPSC
1. India's Ancient Past by R.S. Sharma
2. The wonder that was India by A.L Basham for Ancient History
3. Medieval India by Satish Chandra
4. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India all the three volumes by J.L Mehta
5.History of Modern India by Bipan Chandra
6.India's Struggle for Independence: 1857-1947 by Bipan Chandra
7.History of the World by Arjun Dev and Indira Arjun Dev
8. Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania
9. History of Modern India by Ramchandra Guha
10. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by Upinder Singh

Hope it helpful

Hello aspirant,

The next big change that will happen would be the removal of optional subject from main exam.

However, I am of firm belief that one should not expect this or any other change before CSE 2022. Currently, with the corona pandemic, the government would want to avoid any issue where the government is seen in negative light.So even if yoy prepare certain subject content cant be changed so its all knowledge keep learning!

hope it helped.

Hello,

A characteristic feature of south Indian polity, especially Pallavan, was the importance of local,corporate units in most important aspects of the lives of people.

The local groups were abundant in number based on caste, craft, profession or religious persuasion and their occupation consisted that of handicraftsmen like the weavers, oil pressers etc., of merchants like the Nanadesis, the Manigramam and the Five Hundred of Ayyavole, of students, of ascetics, of temple priests, etc with three important territorial assemblies: ur which was a non-brahmanical village assembly
, sabha was a village assembly consisting only of brahmanasand and  nagaram was an assembly where merchantile interests predominated with an inclination towards agricultural interests . There was an annual meeting held for the members of an assembly,  a smaller executive body used to take care of daily tasks. Every individual group functioned independently in accordance with its own constitution based on custom and usage, and
paid heed  to the problems of its members at the local level. In case of matters concerning people of more than one assembly or association, decision was taken by mutual deliberation.

Local administration through the corporate units to a large extent lightened the burden of the government. The populace were given opportunity to air its grievances and problems, Pallava kings never tried to encroach upon the functioning of the local autonomous corporate groups.

Hello,

A characteristic feature of south Indian polity, especially Pallavan, was the importance of local,corporate units in most important aspects of the lives of people. There were innumerable local groups and associations based on caste, craft, profession or religious persuasion. Thus there were associations of handicraftsmen like the weavers, oil pressers etc., of merchants like the Nanadesis, the Manigramam and the Five Hundred of Ayyavole, of students, of ascetics, of temple priests, etc with three important territorial assemblies: ur, sabha and nagaram. Ur was a non-brahmanical village assembly,Sabha was a village assembly consisting only of brahmanas, and nagaram was an assemblywhere merchantile interests predominated (nagaram had some agricultural interests too, however). The members of an assembly used to meet annually while the day-to-day tasks were looked after by a smaller executive body. Each group functioned autonomously in accordance with its own constitution based on custom and usage, and took care of the problems of its members at the local level. In matters affecting people of more than one assembly or association, decision was taken by mutual deliberation.

Local administration through the corporate units greatly lightened the burden of the government. It not only gave a chance to population to air its grievances and problems, but also fixed responsibility on the people themselves for redressing the grievances and solving the problems. This strengthened the basis of the state by minimising opposition to it as the people could not hold the government responsible for these matters.That is why we do not find the Pallava kings trying to encroach upon the functioning of the local autonomous corporate groups. But they did seek to strengthen their own base by bringing in brahmanas and creating privileged brahmana settlements by making landgrants to brahmanas, either directly (called brahmadaya or in the name of a temple (called devadana). These brahmana settlements were created all over the core areas of the Pallava kingdom. The 'core areas' were the most prosperous areas based on irrigated rice cultivation, on the prosperity of which the strength of the Pallavas depended. The village assembly of brahmanas was called sabha or mahasabha. During the late Pallava period the sabha developed the system of governance through committees. This is known as the committee or variyam system. It became a hallmark of self-government in brahmana settlements in south India. The sabha managed a number of tasks mostly through these committees-maintenance of tanks and roads, management of charitable donations and of temple affairs, and regulation of irrigation rights.