Oscillations

Oscillations

Edited By Team Careers360 | Updated on Dec 19, 2024 05:16 PM IST

Introduction:-
We come across a variety of motions in our daily lives. Some of these, such as rectilinear motion and projectile motion, have already been discussed. These are non-repetitive motions. We've also learned about planets in the solar system's uniform circular motion and orbital motion. The motion is periodic in these circumstances because it is repeated after a set amount of time. You must have loved rocking in a cradle or swinging on a swing as a child. Both of these motions are repetitive in nature, but they are not the same as a planet's periodic motion. The object moves to and from a mean position in this case.

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In electronics, a local oscillator (LO) is an electronic oscillator used with a mixer to change the frequency of a signal.

Oscillation meaning:-

Oscillation meaning in Hindi:कंपन

Oscillation meaning in Tamil:அலைவு

A wall clock's pendulum moves in a similar way. A boat tossing up and down on a river, a piston in a steam engine running back and forth, and so on are all examples of periodic to and fro motion.

Oscillatory motion is the name given to this type of movement. This motion is the subject of this chapter. The study of oscillatory motion is fundamental to physics, and its concepts are essential to comprehend a wide range of physical phenomena. We find vibrating strings that make attractive sounds in musical instruments such as the sitar, guitar, and violin. Drum membranes and telephone and speaker diaphragms vibrate back and forth about their mean positions would be some oscillation examples. Sound propagation is enabled by the vibrations of air molecules.

The average energy of vibrations is proportional to temperature in a solid, and the atoms vibrate about their equilibrium locations. The voltage from an AC power supply oscillates around the mean value, becoming positive and negative alternately (zero). Period, frequency, displacement, amplitude, and phase are all fundamental concepts in the description of a periodic motion in general, and oscillatory motion in particular. The following section expands on these ideas.

List of topics according to NCERT and JEE Main/NEET syllabus:

Introduction to Motion in a Plane.
Types of oscillation.
Periodic and oscillatory motions.
Simple harmonic motion.
Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion.
Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion.
Force law for simple harmonic motion.
Energy in simple harmonic motion.
Damped simple harmonic motion.
Forced oscillations and resonance.
Different electrical oscillator
simple harmonic oscillator.
wein bridge oscillator.
Damped harmonic oscillator.

Related Topics,

Important concepts and Laws:

PERIODIC AND OSCILLATORY MOTION
PERIODIC MOTION
OSCILLATORY MOTION
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (S.H.M.)
EQUATIONS OF S.H.M.
TERMS RELATED TO S.H.M.
CHARACTERISTICS OF S.H.M.
SOME SYSTEMS EXECUTING S.H.M.
PHYSICAL PENDULUM
CONICAL PENDULUM
TORSIONAL PENDULUM
FREE, DAMPED, FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE

NCERT Notes Subject Wise Link:

Importance of Oscillations class 11:

waves and oscillations are the most engaging and, once grasped, the most straightforward chapter in the syllabus. And, if well practised, the sums require very little time to solve. Take a decent physics book with you. Take a TEXTBOOK, not a study guide, and start reading from the first line. Then answer the questions Don't try to memorise any formulae... if you grasp them, you'll be able to deduce them from the basics on your own, and after 20-30 sums, the formulae will become embedded in your hippocampus.

The importance of periodic motion and its properties cannot be overstated. Make an effort to visualise all of the relationships graphically and grasp the notion of phase.

The subject of energy in SHM is an interesting one. Pay careful attention to oscillations that are free, forced, or damped. In terms of numerical, spring oscillations and the simple pendulum are key topics.

NCERT Solutions Subject wise link:

NCERT Exemplar Solutions Subject wise link:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Oscillation of pendulum

A simple pendulum is a setup in which a heavy point mass is suspended from rigid support by a weightless, inextensible, and completely flexible string.

Expression for the time period:

For an angular momentum, sin θ, so that

F = -mgsin θ

= -mgθ

= -( mg/l )y = -Ky

The time period of the simple pendulum is T=2π√L/g since Y = lθ. Only when the length of a simple pendulum () is small in comparison to the radius of the earth is this equation valid.

If a simple density rho

(ρ), the pendulum is constructed to swing in a density rho(ρ) liquid, its time period will rise in comparison to that of air, as shown by:

T=2π√L/(1- σ/ρ)

If the bob of a simple pendulum has positive charge q and the pendulum is placed in a uniform electric field E which is in vertically downward direction then the time period decreases.

T=2π√L/g+qe/m

2. What are some real-life examples of Simple harmonic motion (S. H. M)?

Here are some examples of S. H. M. in action:

Piston movement in a gas-filled cylinder.

In a crystal lattice, atoms vibrate.

A helical spring in motion.

3. Oscillations of Various Types Oscillations that are free, damped, forced resonant, and coupled:

Free oscillations are defined as the oscillations of a particle with fundamental frequency under the effect of restoring force. Oscillations have a consistent amplitude, frequency, and energy. Free oscillation is an oscillator that keeps oscillating with a constant amplitude for an endless period of time.

B. Damped oscillations: Damped oscillations are defined as oscillations of a body whose amplitude decreases with time. Due to damping factors such as frictional and viscous forces, the amplitude of these oscillations reduces exponentially.

C. Forced oscillation: Forced oscillation is a type of oscillation in which the body oscillates under the effect of an external periodic force (driver). The driven body oscillates with the frequency of the driver rather than its own inherent frequency. The oscillator's amplitude lowers due to damping force, but it remains constant due to the energy acquired from the external source (driver). The difference between the applied force frequency and the natural frequency determines the amplitude of forced vibration.

D. Resonance: This state of driven and driven is known as resonance when the frequency of the external force (driver) equals the natural frequency of the oscillator (driven). The highest amount of energy is transferred from the driven to the driver when the system is in resonance. As a result, the motion's amplitude reaches its maximum.

The resonant frequency is the frequency at which the driver is in resonance.

E. Coupled oscillation: A coupled oscillation is a system of two or more oscillations that are linked together in such a way that they exchange energy. Coupled oscillations are the oscillations of such a system. The following are some instances of connected systems:

Three springs connect two masses that are held together by two rigid supports. The intermediate spring can be thought of as a link between the driven and driving systems.

Two simple pendulums are suspended from the same rigid support, their bobs connected by a spring.

4. Is it possible for a motion to be oscillatory but not to be simple harmonic? Give a reasoned explanation.

Yes, it is correct.

Consider the case of a ball falling from a great height onto an elastic surface. The motion is oscillatory, not simple harmonic, because the restoring force F=mg is constant rather than F∝−x, which is a need for simple harmonic motion.

5. What is the fundamental condition for a particle's motion to be a simple harmonic motion?

Its restoring force is proportional to its deviation from the mean position.

6. In damped oscillation, what happens to the body's oscillation?

As time passes, the body's oscillation reduces.