Hormones Of Heart, Kidney And Gastrointestinal Tract: Overview, Topics

What Is Homeostasis?

Homeostasis in the body is maintained by the interplay between the nervous and endocrine systems that act to control and coordinate physiological functions. While the endocrine system includes traditional endocrine glands involved in hormone production, nonendocrine tissues will also be endocrine in nature. This means that the heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract also produce certain hormones required for a variety of bodily functions.

Hormones By Non-Endocrine Tissues

Hormones are the chemical messengers that help in regulating metabolism and physiological processes. These can be secreted by nonendocrine tissues to exert local or systemic functions. These hormones have their specific sites of release and action that then act on target sites like the heart, muscles, or other organs.

Hormones Of The Heart

The Hormones Of The Heart are:

• Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF):

Production: It is secreted by cardiac cells lining the walls of atria.

Function: Regulates blood volume and arterial blood pressure as a vasodilator by decreasing the blood pressure because of blood vessel dilation.

• Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP):

Production: Ventricles of the heart.

Function: Similar to ANF, BNP lowers blood pressure and fluid overload by increasing sodium and water excretion.

• Adrenomedullin:

Produced: Produced in several tissues, including the heart.

Function: It is a vasodilator that helps in blood pressure and blood flow regulation.

Kidney Hormones

• Renin:

Production: Released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.

Function: This hormone initiates the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

• Calcitriol:

Production: The active form of vitamin D is produced in the kidneys.

Function: Increases calcium absorption in the intestines and balances calcium with phosphate in the blood.

• Prostaglandins:

Production: Produced locally in the kidneys.

Function: Involved in the regulation of blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and sodium reabsorption.

Hormones Of The Gastrointestinal Tract

The Hormones Of The Gastrointestinal Tract are:

• Gastrin:

Production: Released from cells known as G cells in the stomach

Function: Stimulates gastric acid release from parietal cells and the release of enzymes from chief cells to digest food

• Secretin:

Production: Produced by S cells of the duodenum.

Action: Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and bile production.

• Cholecystokinin:

Secretion: Released by I cells in the duodenum.

Action: Stimulates bile release and pancreatic enzyme secretion for digestion.

• Gastric Inhibitory Peptide:

Secretion: Released by K cells in the duodenum.

Action: Inhibits gastric acid secretion and motility.

• Motilin:

Secretion: Released by M cells in the small intestine.

Action: Regulates gastric motility and promotes the migrating motor complex during fasting.

• Somatostatin:

Secretion: Produced by the D cells of the gastrointestinal tract.

Action: Inhibits the release of stomach acid and digestive enzymes.

Coordination With The Endocrine System:

This modulation often occurs in association with classical endocrine hormones to maintain homeostasis. For example, the RAAS system integrates signals from kidney hormones along with signals from adrenal glands to control blood pressure and fluid balance.

Conclusion

Hormones produced by nonendocrine tissues, such as the heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract, participate in the regulation of various physiological processes. The fact that they interact with typical endocrine hormones and are present in the feedback loops involved underscores their importance in general health and maintenance of homeostasis.

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