Human Reproduction - Notes, Topics, Definition, Equations, Books, FAQs

Human Reproduction - Notes, Topics, Books, Question & Answers

Edited By Team Careers360 | Updated on Mar 08, 2022 04:44 PM IST

Breeding is a process of reproduction, and the reproductive system is a biological system made up of all anatomical organs that participate in this reproductive process.
People are viviparous, and they give birth to their children sexually.

The human reproductive system consists of three dividing organs; these are:

Primary sex organs: The primary genitalia are also considered to be the gonads that form gametes that resemble the ovary in women and testicles in males.

Secondary sex organs: Glands and ducts are important for sexual reproduction Organs that do not produce gamete are considered second sex organs.

External sex Characteristics: These are methods that do not play a direct role in reproduction but provide significantly specific structures for both male and female.

Sexual Reproduction in Humans-Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system usually consists of a number of sex organs that play an important role in the process of human reproduction.

These reproductive organs are located on the outer side of the human body and within the pelvis that includes the paired system such as the vasa efferentia, urethra, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and a pair of testicles.

Testicles:

The testicles are found inside a bag outside the abdominal area called the scrotum.

In the scrotum, sperm are produced at temperatures 2-2.5°C below body temperature. They are produced in the seminiferous lobules, which are an integral part of the testicular lobules.

The testicles are often connected to the scrotum with the help of the gubernaculum testis, and the inguinal canal is the area where the scrotum interacts and communicates with the abdominal cavity.

There are also two types of cells:

→germ cells

→ Sertoli cells.

Bacterial cells produce spermatozoa through spermatogenesis

Sertoli cells are usually identified as nurse cells dividing spermatozoa.

Reproduction in Human Body-Secondary sex organs:

Within rete testis, seminiferous tubules open up into the vasa efferentia, and then they often leave the testicles and open into the epididymis.

The epididymis is divided into three parts: the Anterior caput epididymis, the middle corpus epididymis, and the posterior cauda epididymis.

Discharge of ejaculation occurs due to tight contraction of the urethra, and the duct system uses sperm externally.The ejaculatory ducts help in the release of semen.

The urethra extends through the prostate glands and eventually into the penis. It has four components: Prostatic, urinary, membranous, and penile.

The penis is an organ of concourse, and the glans penis is very sensitive when stimulated.

Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive System:

Leydig cells of the testis produce the hormone testosterone, which helps maintain the growth and function of secondary sex organs. However, Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Interstitial Cells Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) regulate Leydig's stem cells and seminiferous tubules.

Sexual Reproduction in Human Being-Female Reproductive System

The Female Reproductive System includes a pair of eggs,, uterus, vagina, a pair of mammary glands, and external genitals.

What is the menstrual cycle

This is a rotating change in the reproductive system of women.

Menstruation begins during puberty, and it happens every month when the lining of the uterus ruptures and red blood flows like material from the vagina.

Symptoms of menstruation indicate that females produce fertilised eggs.

The length of the menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman, and the average time is 28 days. This still has to stop during pregnancy and can be prevented during breastfeeding and is completely eliminated from menopause.

Fertilisation and Implantation:

The reproductive process is known as the fertilisation of sperm with the ovum that forms the diploid.

This process activates the second oocyte cell to pass the separation.

This usually occurs when sperm and egg meet with an ampulla.

During the reproductive process, the sperm comes in contact with the ovum, and changes in the membrane prevent the entry of more sperm.

The acrosome secretion helps the sperm to enter the ovum cytoplasm, and thus the meiotic secretion of the second oocyte triggers the elimination process. Soon the ovum and haploid nucleus are joined together to form a diploid zygote.

Cleavage occurs rapidly in the active cytoplasm, also the mitotic division of the zygote, which forms blastomeres.

After 5 splits and 31 cell divisions, Morula forms, and changes dramatically into blastula due to the reorganisation of blastomeres.

A blastula is a process of blastula formation, and a mammary blastula with a large blastocoel is known as a blastocyst.

The blastomets are remarkably embellished on the outer layer known as the trophoblast, and the attachment of the inner cells to the trophoblast is known as the inner cell mass.

The formation of the endometrium occurs when a trophoblast layer is associated with it, and the weight of the inner cells is shaped like an embryo.

After this procedure, the uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst. Thus, the blastocyst enters the endometrium. This leads to pregnancy.

Transplantation occurs within 6 to 9 days after fertilisation

NCERT Solutions Subject wise link:

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How is a primary oocyte different from a secondary oocyte?

The primary oocyte is a diploid cell whereas the secondary oocyte is a haploid cell. The primary oocyte is formed when oogonia are at the prophase-I of the meiotic division in the foetal ovary whereas secondary oocyte is formed from primary oocyte after meiosis – I division to produce ova in females during the stage of puberty.

2. What is Spermatogenesis?

This is a biological process in which haploid spermatozoa is produced from viral cells.

3. What is the Animal Period of Pregnancy?

The gestation period varies from animal to animal.

For example ,cats and dogs may take 60-65 days whereas elephants usually take 22 months.

4. What Is the Reason for Menopause?

It usually occurs between the ages of 40s and 50s and the reason is the breakdown of the female reproductive system. Another reason is that: the ovaries gradually reduce oestrogen production.

5. What is The Size of The Ovum?

The size of ovum varies in animals.

Usually, it varies from 10 microns to a few centimetres.

6. Which is the site of human fertilization?

The fallopian tube is the site of fertilization.