Morphology of Flowering Plants

Edited By Team Careers360 | Updated on May 09, 2022 03:35 PM IST

Introduction
Flowering plants, often known as angiosperms, account for over 80% of all living plant species. With a population of about 300,000 species, they are the most diverse group. Gymnosperms are thought to be the ancestors of angiosperms. A few extinct ferns may have evolved into blooming plants through several stages of evolution.

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Flowers are the parts of angiosperms that wrap either male or female reproductive organs or both. The fertilized egg, which develops into a seed, is enclosed in the ovary within the flower, and these reproductive organs participate in sexual reproduction. Angiosperms have adapted to varied niches of terrestrial ecosystems through the evolution and development of numerous traits such as a flower and a circulatory system made up of specialized cells and tissues.

Flowering plants are an important aspect of the ecosystem since they support the majority of animals, birds, and people. Angiosperms are distinct from other plants in a number of ways. The presence of bloom is the first and most fundamental distinction. The flower is a flowering plant's reproductive organ. Pollination is their mode of reproduction. It is the process of pollen grains being carried from anthers to the stigma of the flower, where they are fertilized and the zygote is created.

Morphology in flowering plants ncert

Every plant, according to the morphology of the plant, has two systems. A root system and a shoot system are both important. The root system burrows deep into the ground and creates its own system. The shoot system, on the other hand, is above ground and consists of a variety of plant elements.

Root System

The plant's descending portion, which grows beneath the earth’s roots. The seed's radicle develops downward and branches out during germination. The root system is made up of the branches and the central root. Because roots do not contain chlorophyll, they are not green in colour. Roots are positively geotropic and hydrotropic, meaning they grow towards the ground and water, and they are negatively phototropic, meaning they grow away from light.

Plants have three different types of root systems.

1. Taproot System

This sort of root system is mostly found in dicots, where the major root emerges from the radicle of the developing seeds. In this type of root system, several roots emerge laterally from the parent root. The taproot system offers a strong anchorage for the plant, and the taproot grows deep into the earth. Mango, Mustard, Gram, and so on are some examples.

2. The Fibrous Root System

Monocots have a fibrous root structure, with roots that form into a thin and dense network. These roots do not reach much deeper into the earth. They don't stray far from the surface. As a result, unlike Taproots, they are unable to provide solid anchorage. Some plants have branching roots that grow from a primary root, although the primary root is short-lived. With this sort of root system, the roots emerge from the base of the stem of the growing plant. Taproots and fibrous roots are sometimes found together on some plants. Wheat, paddy, onion, maize, and other crops are examples.

3. The Adventitious Root System

Adventitious roots grow from portions of the plant other than the radicle. Monocots are characterized by their adventitious root system. In this situation, roots might come from stems, leaves, shoots, or any other plant element. Adventitious roots can grow naturally or in response to stress. They're more of a component designed to withstand severe environments. Drought, nutrient deficiency, or physical wounds are examples of stressors. Adventitious roots help in vegetative propagation, support, and other functions. Banyan, maize, oak, black pepper, beetle, and other trees are examples.

Functions of Root

The following are the four major roles of the roots:

1. Provide anchorage- Roots penetrate the ground and keep the plant erect and stationary. As a result, they serve as a source of support for the plants.

2. Essential nutrient absorption- Roots, which are hydrotropic, spread beneath the ground in search of water and nutrients. They take both the vital minerals and the water required for plant growth from the earth.

3. Storage- In addition to absorption, roots also store the plant's food and nutrients.

4. Essentials translocation- Roots transport water and minerals to the stem.

Shoot System

The shoot system refers to the plant's ascending portion that grows above ground level. It contains numerous plant parts such as the stem, leaves, nodes, internodes, and so forth. The plumule of the germinating seed develops into the shoot system. The stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits make up the flowering plant's shoot system.

Stems

Plants rely on stems for axial stability. They are autotrophic and grow above ground. They grow in the direction of light, away from the soil. A terminal bud can be found at the stem's apex. The young stems are a bright green color. The stem of the plant develops a protective covering that is brown in color and tough as it grows into a tree.

Morphology of angiosperms

The flowering plants, also known as Angiosperms, are the largest category of plants that we observe in gardens and along the roadside. (angio=box and sperm=seed.) The word ovary comes from the fact that the ovules are contained in a box-like organ known as the ovary. As a result, the seeds are contained within the fruit. Angiosperms are made up of around 2,20,000 species that come in a variety of shapes and sizes and live in a variety of environments. Based on their form and anatomy, a diverse range of blooming plants are identified, characterized, and classed.

Morphology of flower

Flowers are the plant's reproductive organs. The inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis, which has two major parts: racemose, which allows the main axis to continue growing, and cymose, which terminates the main axis in a flow.

The flower is divided into four whorls:

The outermost is the calyx.
The petals make up the corolla.
Androecium is made up of stamens.
One or more carpels make up a gynoecium.

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Functions of Flowers

The flower is responsible for the following vital functions:

They aid in the reproductive process.
They don't need to fertilize to develop diaspores.
Inside the flower, the gametophytes grow.
The flowers attract insects and birds, which then act as a conduit for pollen transfer from one flower's anther to another's stigma.
The ovary of the flower develops into a seed-bearing fruit.

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Morphology of leaf

The leaf is usually flattened, lateral structure that is borne on the stem. The leaves develop at nodes and bear a bud in their axil. They arrange themselves in acropetal order after originating from the shoot apical meristem. The vital organ for photosynthesis is leaf. Leaf base, petiole, and lamina are 3 main parts of the leaves.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Name different types of the root system with examples.

The root system is the portion of the plant that is under the surface (inside the ground).

The following are the different types of root systems:

i) Taproot system - A single main root emerges from which subsidiary tiny roots emerge. Take, for example, spinach.

ii) Fibrous root system: Primary and secondary roots grow in clusters. Take, for example, lawn grass.

iii) Adventitious roots: They serve as plant support. For instance, the roots of a banyan tree provide support.

2. What are the 4 main parts of the flower?

Flowers house the reproductive organs of the plant. The calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium are the four primary sections (or whorls) of a flower.

3. What is inflorescence and its types?

The inflorescence is defined as a cluster of flowers arranged on a floral axis. There are two forms of inflorescence: Racemose and Cymose. Inflorescences come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

4. What is the morphology of rice?

The rice plant is a one-year-only grass with round, hollow, jointed culms (stems), flat leaves, and a terminal panicle (flower cluster). It's the only cultivated cereal plant that can thrive in both flooded and dry soils.

5. What are the types of leaves?

The 2 main types of leaves are: -

• Simple leaf

• Compound leaf: The compound leaves may be divided further into 2 types that are

1) Pinnately compound leaf

2) Palmately compound leaf