Chemical Formula - Overview, Importance, Types, List, FAQs

Chemical Formula - Overview, Importance, Types, List, FAQs

Edited By Team Careers360 | Updated on Nov 18, 2024 02:27 PM IST

Chemistry is a field of science that studies the physical and chemical characteristics of substances, as well as their composition and use in the creation of new ones. Every element that occurs in nature and is known to us has been given a distinct name and a one or two letter symbol in order to make them useful for our own use in chemistry. The majority of the elements' names are drawn from English, although their symbols are derived from either their English names or their Latin names.

Chemical formulas allow you to express any chemical compound using the symbols for the components that make it up. All chemical formulas reveal the components that make up a compound's molecules, as well as the proportions in which these elements' atoms mix to create those molecules. The molecular formula H2O, for example, indicates that two hydrogen atoms unite with one oxygen atom to produce one water molecule. Similarly, sulfuric acid has the chemical formula H2SO4, indicating that the proportions of H, S, and O in this molecule are 2:1:4.

So, in chemistry, all chemical formula is a shorthand representation of the components of a molecule, using the unique symbols given to each element in the periodic table.

Importance of Science Chemical formula

  1. Chemical formulas give information about a compound's chemical composition.

  2. They also show how the individual elements mix to produce the compound.

  3. Chemical formula is crucial for students and professionals to predict, explain, and analyze chemical phenomena.

  4. Ions, free radicals, and other chemical species can also be represented using chemical formulas.

  5. Aid in producing chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products by specifying the exact formulation required.
  6. Provide insights into the molecular structure and properties of substances.

Types of Chemical formula in Science

Any of numerous types of expressions of the composition or structure of chemical compounds is referred to as a science chemical formula. The term "chemical formula" usually refers to a compound's molecular formula (which denotes the total number of atoms of each constituent element in one molecule of the compound). Empirical, molecular, structural, and projection formulae are the other types.

  1. Molecular Formula: The number of components in a molecule may be determined using the molecular formula. The elements are designated by their respective symbols (as in the periodic table) in molecular formulas, and the number of atoms of each element in the molecule is written in subscript. The chemical formula for glucose, for example, is C6H12O6.

  2. Empirical Formula: The ratio of the elements contained in a chemical compound is represented by the empirical formula. The majority of empirical formulas are derived through the examination of experimental data. CH2O is the empirical formula for glucose. The molecular formulas can be used to create empirical formulae.

  3. Structural Formula: The structural formula of a chemical compound, as the name implies, reveals the atoms' arrangement in the molecule.

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Empirical Formula

Ordinarily, empirical formulae are used to describe compounds with unknown molecular structures or chemicals that are not made up of common molecular entities, such as sodium chloride (table salt), which is made up of ions. A molecular formula is used to indicate the chemical makeup of a substance's constituent molecules (the molecule being the smallest unit in which the substance keeps its chemical characteristics).

As a result, benzene is represented by the empirical formula CH, indicating that a typical sample includes one atom of carbon (C) and one atom of hydrogen (H) (H). Water is represented by the empirical formula H2O, which indicates that it contains two hydrogen (H2) atoms for every atom of oxygen (O)

The chemical formula C2H4 and C3H6 for ethylene and propylene, for example, specify the number and type of atoms contained in each substance's molecule. Ethylene and propylene, on the other hand, have the same empirical formula, CH2, since they are both made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms in a 1:2 ratio. The empirical and molecular formulae of a material may be similar in some situations, such as water.

Structural Formula

Chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule are identified by structural formulae. A structural formula is made up of atom symbols linked by short lines that indicate chemical bonds—single, double, or triple bonds are represented by one, two, or three lines, respectively. The structural formula of ethane, for example, is

Ethane

indicating that the molecule is made up of two carbon atoms, each connected to the other by a single bond, and three hydrogen atoms. Structural formulae are especially effective for demonstrating the differences between compounds of the same type and number of atoms.

Projection Formula

A projection formula is a two-dimensional depiction of a three-dimensional molecule that is truly two-dimensional. This sort of formula is similar to the structural type in that it is made up of symbols that represent atoms of the component elements linked by dashes or curves that represent chemical bonds. Thus, the projection formula neatly represents the methane molecule, which is defined by a tetrahedral arrangement of four chemical bonds around a carbon atom.

Methane

Stereoisomers are substances that have the same composition but differ in the spatial arrangement of the atoms that make up their molecules. Projection formulae are frequently employed in the study of stereoisomers. Stereoisomers can be recognised from one another by suitable variations in their formulae, thanks to certain standards for drafting projection formulas.

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How to write a chemical formula

To create a chemical formula, we need to know the symbol for the elements in the compound, the radicals formula, and the valency of the elements in the compound. When constructing a chemical formula, keep the following considerations in mind.

  1. The majority of the compounds are binary, meaning they only include two components. There are other compounds containing more than two elements.

  2. A cation is an atom with a positive charge, while an anion is an atom with a negative charge.

  3. The metal is named first, followed by the non-metal, in a combination comprising both metal and non-metal. For instance, NaCl is made up of Na+ (metal ion) and Cl (chloride ion) (non-metal ion)

  4. Anions with a -1 negative charge are generally suffixed with –ide. F - Floride, for example.

  5. Anions with oxyanions (oxygen + another element) are generally suffixed with –ate. For instance, SO42- (Sulphate)

  6. Bi- or hydrogen is used as a suffix when a polyatomic anion has H– ion. HCO3-Bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate are two examples.

  7. Following are some examples of polyatomic anions:

Polyatomic Anion

Basic Chemistry Formula

Phosphate

PO43-

Cyanide

CN-

Amide

NH2-

Nitrate

NO3-


Chemical formula of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are made up of a mixture of carbon and hydrogen, as well as nitrogen and a few additional elements including phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, and the halogens. The majority of organic chemicals are biologically derived, since they are present in nature.

  1. Hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbons are substances made up entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have just single bonds between them. Methane is the most basic example (shown below). Ethene (C2H4) is the most basic alkene, with a double bond between the two carbon atoms.

Eg: Methane, Ethane

  1. Functional Group: Atoms linked to carbon chains or rings of organic compounds form functional groups. Within a functional group, compounds tend to have similar qualities and characteristics. Hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are two typical functional groups. Alcohols are hydroxyl groups that terminate in -OH. Compounds having -COOH carboxylic acids have carboxyl groups that terminate in -COOH. Prefixes are used by functional groups to assist name compounds with comparable chemical characteristics, which helps with nomenclature.

Eg: Hydroxyl group. Carboxyl group

Chemical formula table:

Some of the chemical formula example listed below as compound names and formulas.

  1. Common Acids

Name

Chemistry Chemical formula

Acetic acid

CH3COOH

Nitric Acid

HNO3

Sulfuric Acid

H2SO4

Hydrochloric Acid

HCl

Nitrous Acid

HNO2

Sulphurous Acid

H2SO3

Hyposulphurous Acid

H2SO2

Carbonic Acid

H2CO3

Phosphorous Acid

H3PO4

Phosphoric Acid

H3PO4

Oxalic Acid

H2C2O4

Chromic Acid

H2CrO4

Citric Acid

C6H8O7

Formic Acid

HCOOH


2. Common Bases Chemical formula

Name

Chemical formula

Potassium Hydroxide

KOH

Lithium Hydroxide

LiOH

Calcium Hydroxide

Ca(OH)2

Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH

Barium Hydroxide

Ba(OH)2

Arsenic Hydroxide

As(OH)3

Aluminium Hydroxide

Al(OH)3

Ammonium Hydroxide

NH4OH

Mercury(I) Hydroxide

Hg2(OH)2

Mercury(II) Hydroxide

Hg(OH)2

Led (IV) Hydroxide

Pb(OH)4

Tin (II) Hydroxide

Sn(OH)2

  1. Common Cations & Anions

Cations

Formula

Anions

Formula

Ammonium

NH4+

Acetate

CH3COO-

Calcium

Ca2+

Chloride

Cl-

Copper

Cu2+

Fluride

F-

Potassium

K+

Nitrite

NO2-

Iron

Fe2+, Fe3+

Nitrate

NO3-

Sodium

Na+

Oxide

O2-

Led

Pb2+

Sulfate

SO42-


Most Important Ones

Chemical Compound

Chemical formula of Compounds

Aluminium Acetate

C6H9AlO6

Aluminium Bromide

AlBr3

Aluminium Carbonate

Al(CO3)3

Aluminium Iodide

AlI3

Aluminium Oxide

Al2O3

Aluminium

Al

Ammonia

NH3

Ammonium dichromate

Cr2H8N2O7

Ammonium bicarbonate

NH4HCO3

Ammonium acetate

C2H3O2NH4

Ammonium carbonate

(NH4)2CO3

Ammonium nitrate

NH4NO3

Ammonium oxide

(NH4)2O

Benzene

C6H6

Benzoic Acid

C7H6O2

Potassium bromate

KBrO3

Butane

C4H10

Calcium Acetate

C4H6CaO4

Calcium Hydroxide

Ca(OH)2

Calcium nitrate

Ca(NO3)2

Carbon Tetrachloride

CCl4

Chromic Acid

H2CrO4

Iron oxide

Fe2O3

Carbon monoxide

CO

Glycerol

C3H8O3

The above table shows chemical formulas List.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Give chemical names and formulas iron and chlorine.

Iron – Fe, Chlorine – Cl

2. Write the molecular formula of water.

H2O

3. What is the significance of chemical formula?

Chemical formulas are important to understanding the composition, structure, and reactions of substances. They simplify complex chemical concepts and aid in scientific communication.

4. What is a chemical formula?

A chemical formula is a symbolic representation of a substance, indicating the types and number of atoms or ions in a molecule or compound.

5. What is the difference between empirical formula and molecular formula?

An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of elements, while a molecular formula indicates the actual number of atoms in a molecule.

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