Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter. Societies at all levels of development could not function without the energy released by chemical reactions. Almost 85% of energy consumption comes from the combustion of petroleum products, coal, wood, and garbage. We use this energy to produce electricity; to transport food, raw materials, manufactured goods; for industrial production; and to heat and power our homes. While these combustion reactions help us meet our essential energy needs.
JEE Main 2025: Chemistry Formula | Study Materials | High Scoring Topics | Preparation Guide
JEE Main 2025: Syllabus | Sample Papers | Mock Tests | PYQs | Study Plan 100 Days
NEET 2025: Syllabus | High Scoring Topics | PYQs
Chemical Energy stored by molecules can be released as heat during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking gas or coal burns in air. The chemical energy may also be used to do mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine or to provide electrical energy through a galvanic cell-like dry cell. Thus various forms of energy are interrelated and can be transformed from one form into another. The study of these energy transformations forms the subject matter of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out but is based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the change.
Thermodynamics and its laws are immensely used in our daily life and it is very interesting to understand these processes. Some of them are mentioned below:
In this section, you will study about the important topics of the chapter, overview, formulae and some important tips and guidelines for the preparation of the chapter at the best.
A system is something in which observations related to heat and work are done. Other than the system, everything else existing is known as the surroundings. In thermodynamics, first you need to understand various kinds of important terms as follows:
Related topics,
First Law of Thermodynamics
This law simply states that "energy of an isolated system is constant". In other words, energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Mathematically, it can be expressed as follows:
Work
In thermodynamics, work is defined as the force that we applied on the system to change its volume form Vi to Vf.
Mathematically, work can be described as follows:
Now, if the pressure is not constant but is changing infinitesimally, then work is given as follows,
Heat Capacity
When heat is applied to any system, the temperature of the system rises. But if the same amount of heat energy is given to different systems, then these systems rise with different temperatures. This variation of temperatures in different systems is only because of coefficient or heat capacity. This heat capacity is denoted by C. Thus, mathematically, heat capacity can be expressed as follows:
NCERT Notes Subject Wise Link:
Enthalpies for different types of reactions
There are various kinds of enthalpies for various kinds of reactions. These are mentioned below:
Spontaneity: In simple words, a spontaneous process is a process which occurs on its own. This process might be too fast or too slow, but it does not require any external agency to occur. It is always irreversible and can only be reversed by external things. For example, the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen is very slow at normal conditions but still, it is a spontaneous reaction as it is occurring on its own.
Gibbs energy and spontaneity
Gibbs energy is an extensive property and a state function. It gives us information about the spontaneity of any reaction. It collective and takes into account both the enthalpy and the entropy. Mathematically, it can be formulated as follows:
For determining the spontaneity of any process, two cases arise for Gibbs energy as follows:
This chapter is a part of Physical chemistry. This chapter is one of the most important chapters of the complete chemistry syllabus. Its concepts, laws, numerical and graphs all are important both for the basic foundation of chemistry and for scoring good marks in the examination.
Before reading this chapter, first, you must have the basic knowledge of the mole concept.
You must observe carefully about the enthalpies, heat capacities, entropy, etc.
Rest this chapter is very simple, just be regular and be consistent in your numerical practice.
NCERT Solutions Subject wise link:
NCERT Exemplar Solutions Subject wise link:
First, you must finish the class XI NCERT book and solve each and every example and unsolved question given in it. Then for advanced level preparation like JEE and NEET, you must follow R.C. Mukherjee and O.P. Tandon. You must definitely solve the previous year papers. Meanwhile, in the preparation, you must continuously write the mock tests for the depth of knowledge. Our platform will help you to provide with the variety of questions for deeper knowledge with the help of videos, articles and mock tests.
23 Oct'24 01:04 PM
20 Oct'24 07:53 PM
20 Oct'24 06:07 PM
10 Oct'24 11:29 PM
10 Oct'24 10:48 AM
09 Oct'24 05:45 PM
09 Oct'24 05:30 PM
09 Oct'24 01:03 PM
09 Oct'24 12:54 PM
09 Oct'24 12:46 PM