Correct Answer: Mandatory spending is required by law, while discretionary spending is optional

Solution : The correct answer is (a). Mandatory spending is required by law, while discretionary spending is optional.

Mandatory spending refers to government expenditures that are required by law and are not subject to annual appropriations or discretionary decision-making. These spending programs are typically established through legislation and include entitlement programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. The government is obligated to make these payments to eligible individuals or entities based on predetermined eligibility criteria and benefit formulas.

Discretionary spending, on the other hand, is spending that is subject to annual appropriations and is determined through the discretionary decision-making process. It includes funding for various government agencies, departments, programs, and initiatives, such as defense, education, infrastructure, research, and foreign aid. The allocation of discretionary spending is determined by the government's priorities and can be adjusted from year to year through the budgeting process.

Correct Answer: Engel's Law

Solution : The correct option is Engel's Law.

According to Engel's Law, even though the quantity spent on food increases in absolute terms, the percentage of income spent on food drops as income rises. Based on the observation that when income levels rise, people tend to spend a smaller proportion of their income on necessities like food and have more money available for other purchases.

Correct Answer: Heinrich Friedrich Lenz

Solution : The correct answer is Heinrich Friedrich Lenz.

Heinrich Friedrich Lenz was a Russian physicist of German origin who independently formulated what is known as Lenz's Law in 1834. Lenz's law articulates that when a magnetic field around a conductor changes, the induced electric current's direction opposes the change. In other words, the magnetic field generated by this induced current acts to counteract alterations in the original magnetic field.

Correct Answer: International Labour Organisation

Solution : The correct option is the International Labour Organisation.

One of the first and most specialized UN organisations, the International Labour Organisation was established by the League of Nations in October 1919. Setting global labour standards is part of its purpose to enhance social and economic fairness.

Correct Answer: Gossen

Solution : Gossen is the proponent of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.
The Law of diminishing marginal utility states that the marginal utility of a good or service declines as more of it is consumed by an individual.
 

Correct Answer: Article 21

Solution : The correct option is Article 21.

The article of the Indian Constitution that declares that no person shall be deprived of their life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law is Article 21. 

Correct Answer: Abrogate

Solution : The correct option is the first option.

Explanation:
Abrogate means to cancel or repeal a law, agreement, or formal agreement between two parties. It specifically refers to the act of officially ending or abolishing something, especially a legal document or a law.

Therefore, the correct answer is abrogate.

Correct Answer: A, B and C all are correct

Solution : If the demand for a good is inelastic, an increase in its price will cause the total expenditure of the consumers of the good to increase. Raising prices will always cause total revenue to increase.
Hence d is the correct answer

Correct Answer: Mother-in-law

Solution : Following the instructions of the question, the family tree will be –

Here, the quadrilateral represents the male and the circular figure represents the female in the figure.

So, Maaya is the mother-in-law of Preeti. Hence, the first option is correct.

Correct Answer: Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion.

Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion.

The law of supply states that as the price of a good increases, the quantity supplied of that good also increases, assuming other factors remain constant. This positive relationship between price and quantity supplied is the basis of the law of supply. When the price of a good rises, suppliers have a greater incentive to produce and sell more of that good, leading to an increase in quantity supplied.

Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.