Question : Comprehension:
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.
The Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory that included most of Europe as we know it today and a large part of the Fertile Crescent and North Africa.
The Roman Empire embraced a wealth of local cultures and languages; women had a stronger legal position then than they do in many countries today; but also that much of the economy was run on slave labor, denying freedom to substantial numbers of persons. From the fifth century onwards, the empire fell apart in the west but remained intact and exceptionally prosperous in its eastern half.
Roman historians have a rich collection of sources to go on, which we can broadly divide into three groups: (a) texts, (b) documents and (c) material remains. Textual sources include letters, speeches, sermons, laws, and histories of the period written by contemporaries. These were usually called ‘Annals’ because the narrative was constructed on a year-by-year basis. Documentary sources include mainly inscriptions and papyri. Inscriptions were usually cut on stone, so a large number survived, in both Greek and Latin. The ‘papyrus’ was a reed-like plant that grew along the banks of the Nile in Egypt and was processed to produce sheets of writing material that was very widely used in everyday life. Thousands of contracts, accounts, letters, and official documents survive ‘on papyrus’ and have been published by scholars who are called ‘papyrologists’. Material remains include a very wide assortment of items that mainly archaeologists discover (for example, through excavation and field survey), for example, buildings, monuments and other kinds of structures, pottery, coins, mosaics, and even entire landscapes. Each of these sources can only tell us just so much about the past, and combining them can be a fruitful exercise, but how well this is done depends on the historian’s skill!
Question:
Who were papyrologists?
Option 1: People who processed papyrus into sheet
Option 2: Scholars who published documents
Option 3: Farmers who cultivated papyrus
Option 4: People who surveyed the reed like plants along the Nile
Correct Answer: Scholars who published documents
Solution : The second option is correct.
- Let's have a look at the 10th sentence from the given paragraph:
- "Thousands of contracts, accounts, letters, and official documents survive 'on papyrus' and have been published by scholars who are called 'papyrologists'"
- Upon perusal of the above statement, it can be concluded that papyrologists were the scholars who published documents.
Hence, the correct answer is scholars who published documents.
Answer laterQuestion : Statement 1: A tall organizational structure promotes a narrower span of control.
Statement 2: Tall structures have fewer levels of management.
Option 1: Statement 1 is true, and Statement 2 is false.
Option 2: Statement 1 is false, and Statement 2 is true.
Option 3: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true.
Option 4: Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are false.
Correct Answer: Statement 1 is true, and Statement 2 is false.
Solution : The correct answer is (a) Statement 1 is true, and Statement 2 is false.
A tall organizational structure is one that has many layers of management. This means that each manager has a relatively small number of subordinates, and there is a long chain of command. This type of structure can lead to less efficient communication and decision-making, as information has to travel through multiple layers of management.
A narrower span of control refers to the number of subordinates that a manager has. A manager with a narrow span of control has responsibility for a small number of subordinates, while a manager with a wide span of control has responsibility for a large number of subordinates.
Tall organizational structures typically have narrower spans of control, as each manager has a relatively small number of subordinates. This is because it can be difficult for managers to effectively supervise a large number of subordinates, especially if they are located in different departments or regions.
Question : Statement 1: The nature of management varies based on the organization's size and complexity.
Statement 2: Larger organizations require more complex management structures and processes.
Option 1: Both statements are true
Option 2: Both are incorrect
Option 3: Statement 1 is true, and Statement 2 is false.
Option 4: Statement 1 is false, and Statement 2 is true.
Correct Answer: Both statements are true
Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both statements are true.
Statement 1 is true because the nature of management does vary based on the organization's size and complexity. Smaller organizations may have simpler management structures and processes, while larger and more complex organizations require more sophisticated management practices.
Statement 2 is also true because larger organizations typically require more complex management structures and processes to effectively coordinate activities, manage resources, and achieve their goals. Complexity in management often increases as an organization grows in size and scope.
Question : Assertion: A tall organizational structure promotes effective communication.
Reason: Tall structures have fewer levels of management, leading to quicker decision-making.
Option 1: Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
Option 2: Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Option 3: Assertion is true, but the reason is false.
Option 4: Assertion is false, but the reason is true.
Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Solution : The correct answer is (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
The assertion is true. A tall organizational structure, characterized by more levels of management and a narrower span of control, can promote effective communication in some cases. Clear lines of communication can exist between each level, aiding in the smooth flow of information.
However, the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion. Tall structures having fewer levels of management doesn't necessarily lead to quicker decision-making. In fact, tall structures often face challenges in decision-making due to the need for information to flow through multiple layers, which can slow down the process. The assertion is about effective communication, not necessarily about the speed of decision-making.
Question : Assertion: A tall organizational structure promotes effective communication.
Reason: Tall structures have fewer levels of management, leading to quicker decision-making.
Option 1: Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
Option 2: Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Option 3: Assertion is true, but the reason is false.
Option 4: Assertion is false, but the reason is true.
Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Solution : The correct answer is (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
The assertion is true. A tall organizational structure, characterized by more levels of management and a narrower span of control, can promote effective communication in some cases. Clear lines of communication can exist between each level, aiding in the smooth flow of information.
However, the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion. Tall structures having fewer levels of management doesn't necessarily lead to quicker decision-making. In fact, tall structures often face challenges in decision-making due to the need for information to flow through multiple layers, which can slow down the process. The assertion is about effective communication, not necessarily about the speed of decision-making.
Question : Assertion: The nature of management varies based on the organization's size and complexity.
Reason: Larger organizations require more complex management structures and processes.
Option 1: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion.
Option 2: Both assertion and reason are incorrect.
Option 3: The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Option 4: The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Option 5: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion.
Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion.
The assertion is correct because the nature of management indeed varies based on the size and complexity of the organization. Smaller organizations may have simpler management structures and processes, while larger and more complex organizations require more elaborate and sophisticated management systems to handle their intricacies.
The reason is correct because it provides an explanation for why the nature of management varies. Larger organizations with more extensive operations, a greater number of employees, and diverse functions require more complex management structures and processes to effectively manage their resources and operations. Therefore, the reason aligns with and explains the assertion.
Question : Statement 1: Urban infrastructure includes the physical structures and systems necessary for the functioning of cities.
Statement 2: Housing, transportation, water supply, and sewage systems are examples of urban infrastructure.
Option 1: Both statements are true.
Option 2: Statement 1 is true, and Statement 2 is false.
Option 3: Statement 1 is false, and Statement 2 is true.
Option 4: Both statements are false.
Correct Answer: Both statements are true.
Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both statements are true.
Statement 1 accurately defines urban infrastructure as the physical structures and systems required for the functioning of cities. It encompasses various aspects of urban life, including transportation, communication, housing, water supply, sanitation, energy, and more.
Statement 2 provides examples of specific components of urban infrastructure, such as housing, transportation, water supply, and sewage systems. These examples align with the broader definition of urban infrastructure described in Statement 1.
Therefore, both statements are true as they correctly define urban infrastructure and provide examples of its components.
