Kidney malfunctioning can cause an accumulation of urea in the blood, a condition known as uremia, which is extremely dangerous and can lead to kidney failure. Hemodialysis can be used to eliminate urea in these patients.

Kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment for acute renal failure (kidney failure). To reduce the odds of rejection by the host's immune system, a functioning kidney is transplanted from a donor, preferably a close family.

Renal calculi: W ithin the kidney, a stone or insoluble mass of crystallized salts (oxalates, etc.) is formed.

Glomerulonephritis : Inflammation of the kidney's glomeruli.