Correct Answer: Planning and controlling are simultaneous processes.

Solution : The correct answer is (d) Planning and controlling are simultaneous processes.

In reality, planning and controlling are not strictly sequential processes where one comes before the other. They are closely interconnected and often occur simultaneously. While planning involves setting goals, defining strategies, and allocating resources, controlling is about monitoring actual performance, comparing it to the planned objectives, and making adjustments if necessary.

In the context of XYZ Electronics, as they aim to maintain product quality and meet customer expectations, planning helps them establish quality standards and customer satisfaction goals. Controlling then involves monitoring the production processes and product quality in real-time to ensure that they align with the established standards and goals. If any deviations or issues arise during production, immediate corrective actions can be taken.