Question : Directions: Three Statements are given followed by three conclusions numbered I, II, and III. Assuming the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: All pens are newspapers. Some newspapers are novels. No novel is a book. Conclusions: I. Some books are pens. II. Some novels are pens. III. No book is a pen.
Option 1: Either conclusion I or III follows
Option 2: Both conclusions II and III follow
Option 3: Either conclusion II or III follows
Option 4: Both conclusions I and II follow
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Correct Answer: Either conclusion I or III follows
Solution : According to the given statements the following Venn diagram can be drawn –
Conclusion I: Some books are pens – From the above diagram, there is no direct relation between books and pens but there is a possibility that some books can be pens as shown below –
So, this conclusion may or may not follow. Conclusion II: Some novels are pens – From the above diagram, there is no direct relation between pens and novels. So, it is clear that no novels are pens. So, this conclusion does not follow. Conclusion III: No book is a pen – From the above diagram, there is no direct relation between books and pens but there is a possibility that no book is a pen as shown below – So, this conclusion may or may not follow.
Therefore, from the above, either conclusion I or III follows. Hence, the first option is correct.
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