how to find hybridisation of the coordination compound
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Two ways to find hybridization in complex compound -:
1- Valence bond theory
2- Crystal field theory
Valence bond Theory
The central metal cation or atom makes available a number of vacant s, p and or d-orbitals equal to its coordination number to form coordinate covalent bonds with ligands.
2. These vacant atomic orbitals of metal are hybridised to form a new set of equivalent bonding orbitals, called hybrid orbitals . These orbitals have the same geometry, the same energy and definite directional properties.
3. The bonding in metal complexes arises when a filled ligand orbital containing a lone pair of electrons overlaps a vacant hybrid orbital on the metal cation or atom to form a coordinate covalent bond.
4. Each ligand has at least one orbital containing a lone pair of electrons. Pauling classified the ligands into two categories (i) Strong ligands like CN – , CO – etc. (ii) weak ligands like F – , Cl – etc.
5. Strong ligands have a tendency to pair up the d-electrons of a metal cation or atom to provide the necessary orbitals for hybridization. On the other hand, weak ligands do not have a tendency to pair up the d-electrons.
6. The d orbital used in hybridization may be either inner (n-1) d-orbitals or outer n d-orbitals . The complex formed by inner (n-1) d-orbitals, is called inner orbital complex whereas the complex formed by outer d-orbital is called outer orbital complex .
7. If unpaired electrons are present within the complex, then complex is paramagnetic in nature while if all the electrons are paired then complex is diamagnetic in nature.
Limitations
- It could not explain the nature of ligands.
- It could not explain why the pairing of electrons occurs in the presence of strong ligands.
- It could not explain the colour and electronic spectra of complexes.
- It could not explain reaction rates and the mechanism of reactions of complexes.
- This theory does not provide any quantitative interpretation data about the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of coordination complexes.
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