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As an aeronautical engineer, you must be able to exercise reason and logic when analyzing a task. You may find that multiple options are available, and it is your responsibility to weigh the weaknesses and strengths of each solution to determine which is optimal. The problems presented to you may be complex, requiring you to analyze multiple aspects to find the best solution. Such issues not only require your inductive, deductive and mathematical reasoning skills, but they also require you to be a careful listener and a good communicator.

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People with type I diabetes must prick their fingers several times a day to test their blood sugar level. Though the pain is minor, the chore interferes with daily life.

They never really escape it, says Paul Barone, a postdoctoral researcher in MITs Department of Chemical Engineering. Barone and professor Michael Strano are working on a new type of blood glucose monitor that could not only eliminate the need for finger pricks but also offer more accurate readings.

Diabetes is an enormous problem, global in scope, and despite decades of engineering advances, our ability to accurately measure glucose in the human body still remains quite primitive, says Strano, the Charles and Hilda Roddey Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering.It is a life-and-death issue for a growing number of people.

Strano and Barones sensing system consists of a tattoo of nanoparticles designed to detect glucose, injected below the skin. A device similar to a wristwatch would be worn over the tattoo, displaying the patients glucose levels.



Continuous glucose detection



A 2008 study in  the New England Journal of Medicineshowed that continuous monitoring helped adult type I diabetes patients who were at least 25 years old better control their blood glucose levels. However, existing wearable devices are not as accurate as the finger-prick test and have to be recalibrated once or twice a day a process that still involves pricking the finger.



The most problematic consequences of diabetes result from relatively short excursions of a persons blood sugar outside of the normal physiological range, following meals, for example, says Strano. If we can detect and prevent these excursions, we can go a long way toward reducing the devastating impact of this disease.



Most existing continuous glucose sensors work via an injection of an enzyme called glucose oxidase, which breaks down glucose. An electrode placed on the skin interacts with a by-product of that reaction, hydrogen peroxide, allowing glucose levels to be indirectly measured. However, none of those sensors have been approved for use longer than seven days at a time.



Bruce Buckingham, a professor of pediatric endocrinology at the Stanford School of Medicine and an author of theNEJMstudy, says glucose monitoring is definitely headed toward wearable sensors. However, he expects it will be a few years before any are approved for use without backup monitoring with a finger prick test. As time goes on, the devices to do this should become smaller, easier to wear, and more accurate, says Buckingham, who is not involved in the MIT project.

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