Question : Planned industrialization in India was characterized by:
Option 1: A focus on export-oriented industries
Option 2: Emphasis on small-scale and cottage industries
Option 3: State-led development of heavy industries
Option 4: Rapid privatization of public enterprises
Correct Answer: State-led development of heavy industries
Solution : Planned industrialization in India was characterized by state-led development of heavy industries such as steel, machinery, and chemicals, as part of a strategy to build a strong industrial base and promote self-reliance.