Principles and applications of chromatography, spectroscopy, microscopy, electrophoresis, centrifugation, blotting, PCR & radioisotope techniques

Organization of chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, chromatin types, centromere, Telomere and concept of gene

Structure and functions of proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, lipids & vitamins. Bioenergetics, Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron Transport System and ATP synthesis, oxidation and synthesis of fatty acid, membrane structure and function 4. Biotechnology:

Recombinant DNA technology, principles of gene cloning, applications of biotechnology in medicine, industry and agriculture, animal & plant cell culture,environmental biotechnology

Diversity of microbes, bacterial reproduction, antimicrobial agents, significance of microbes in the industry and agriculture, antigen, antibody, complement systems, immunity, vaccines, plant virus, animal virus and environmental microbiology.

Principles of inheritance, linkage & crossing over, chromosomal aberrations, extrachromosomal inheritance, replication, transcription, translation, DNA repair and population genetics

Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, Vascular system in plants, Economic important of plants, Photosynthesis, Photoperiodism, Vernalization, and Biogeochemical cycle

Characteristics of invertebrates and vertebrates, anatomy and physiology of different system of humans, nerve impulse transmission, endocrinology, human diseases Apoptosis and cancer, inherited diseases, animal cell culture.