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Unit
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Sub - Topics
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Reflection of light at a curved surface
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Normal to the curved surface
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Spherical mirrors, convex and concave mirrors
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Pole, Focus, Centre of curvature, principle axis, Radius of curvature, Focal length
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Formula for spherical mirrors – sign convention
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Application of reflection – Solar Cooker, etc.
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Chemical Equations and Reactions
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Some daily life examples of chemical reactions.
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Chemical equations – writing chemical equations, skeletal chemical equations, balancing chemical equations
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Writing symbols of physical states, Heat changes, gas evolved and precipitate formed
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Interpreting a balanced chemical equation
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Acids, Bases and Salts
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Chemical properties of acids & bases
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What do acids have in common? What do bases have in common?
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Do Acids produce Ions only in Aqueous Solution?
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Reaction of Acid, Base with water
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Strength of Acid or Base – pH scale
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Importance of pH in everyday life
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Salts
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Chemicals from common salt
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Refraction of light at curved surface
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Refraction of light at curved surface
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Lenses
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Rules for Ray diagram
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Images formed by the lenses
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Formula derived for thin lenses
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Focal length of lens depends on the surrounding medium
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Lens maker formula
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Human eye and colourful world
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Least distance of distinct vision, Angle of vision
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Structure of human Eye – Focal length of human Eye lens, accommodation
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Common accommodation defects of vision – Myopia, Hypermetropia, presbyopia
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Prism
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Scattering of light
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Structure of atom
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Spectrum
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Bohr’s model of a Hydrogen atom and its limitations
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Quantum mechanical model of an Atom
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Electronic Configuration of elements in their atoms
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nl rule, Energies of electronic energy levels (n+l) rule; Aufbau Principle, Pauli’s principle, Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity, Stable configurations
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Classification of Elements – The Periodic Table
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Need for the arrangement of elements in an organized manner
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Doberieners Triads – Limitations
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Newland’s law of Octaves
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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (Periodic law, Achievements & Limitations)
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Modern Periodic Table.
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Chemical Bonding
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Chemical bond definition (brief explanation)
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Electronic theory of Valence by Lewis and Kossel
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Ionic and Covalent bonds: examples with Lewis Dot formulae
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The arrangement of Ions in Ionic compounds
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Factors affecting the formation of cation and anion
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Shapes, bond lengths and bond energies in molecules
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Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
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Valence bond theory
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Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
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Electric Current
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Electric current
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Potential difference
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How a battery or a cell works
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Ohms law and its limitations, resistance, specific resistance, factors influencing resistance, electric shock
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Electric Circuits
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Electric power
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Safety fuses
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Electromagnetism
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Oersted Experiment
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Magnetic field – field lines
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Magnetic field due to currents
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Magnetic force on moving charge and current carrying wire
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Electric motor
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Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’s law (including magnetic flux) – Lenz law
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Generators and Alternating – Direct Currents
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Principles of Metallurgy
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Occurrence of Metals in nature
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Extraction of metals from the Ores – activity series and related metallurgy, flow chart of steps involved in the extraction of metals from ore.
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Corrosion – Prevention of Corrosion
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Important Processes used in metallurgy
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Flux
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Furnace
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Carbon and its compounds
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Introduction of Carbon compounds
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Promotion of an Electron – Bonding in Carbon including Hybridization
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Allotropes of Carbon
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Versatile nature of carbon
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Hydrocarbons
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Bonding of carbon with other elements
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Isomerism
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Homologous series
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Nomenclature of carbon compounds
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Chemical properties of carbon compounds
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Important carbon compounds
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Esterification reactions
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Soaps – Saponification, Micelles
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