Correct Answer: Mandatory spending is required by law, while discretionary spending is optional

Solution : The correct answer is (a). Mandatory spending is required by law, while discretionary spending is optional.

Mandatory spending refers to government expenditures that are required by law and are typically determined by entitlement programs, such as Social Security, Medicare, and interest on the national debt. These programs have specific eligibility criteria, and the government is obligated to make payments to eligible individuals or entities.

It's important to note that while discretionary spending is technically optional in the sense that it can be adjusted, it does not mean it is entirely discretionary in practice. Many discretionary programs are considered essential and receive consistent funding year after year, reflecting their importance in government operations and public services.