Correct Answer: Planning and controlling are simultaneous processes.

Solution : The correct answer is (d) Planning and controlling are simultaneous processes.

Planning and controlling are two essential functions of management that go hand in hand. They are interrelated and occur simultaneously in the management process. Planning involves setting goals, identifying actions and strategies to achieve those goals, and creating a roadmap for how to proceed. It is the process of determining what needs to be done, when, how, and by whom. Planning provides a framework for decision-making and resource allocation.

Controlling, on the other hand, involves monitoring the actual performance of activities and comparing it against the planned goals. It involves measuring, evaluating, and taking corrective actions to ensure that the planned objectives are being achieved. Controlling helps to ensure that the plans are implemented effectively and efficiently.