Correct Answer: All of the above

Solution : The correct answer is (d) All of the above

All the options mentioned represent capital outflows. Let's go through each option:

a) Foreign direct investment (FDI): When a country's residents make direct investments in another country, it involves a capital outflow as funds are being invested abroad.

b) Foreign portfolio investment: This refers to the purchase of financial assets, such as stocks and bonds, in another country. When residents of a country invest in foreign portfolios, it results in a capital outflow.

c) Borrowing from a foreign bank: When a country borrows money from a foreign bank, it involves a capital outflow as funds are being received from outside the country.

In all these cases, there is a movement of funds from the domestic economy to foreign entities, representing capital outflows.