Correct Answer: Micromanagement

Solution : The correct answer is (d) Micromanagement

Micromanagement is not a characteristic of effective management. In fact, it is considered counterproductive and detrimental to employee morale and productivity. Micromanagement involves excessive control, close supervision, and unnecessary intervention in the work of employees, often at a detailed level. Effective management, on the other hand, involves delegating authority, empowering employees, and providing them with the autonomy and trust to carry out their responsibilities. It focuses on setting clear expectations, providing guidance and support, and allowing employees to take ownership of their work. Therefore, micromanagement is not considered a characteristic of effective management.