If you have a solution and solute in equilibrium, adding a common ion (an ion that is common with the dissolving solid) decreases the solubility of the solute. This is because Le Chatelier's principle states the reaction will shift toward the left (toward the reactants) to relieve the stress of the excess product. When equilibrium is shifted toward the reactants, the solute precipitates.

Scientists take advantage of this property when purifying water. In areas where water sources are high in chalk or limestone, drinking water contains excess calcium carbonate CaCO3. In the water treatment process, sodium carbonate salt is added to precipitate the calcium carbonate. The very pure and finely divided precipitate of calcium carbonate that is generated is used in the manufacture of toothpaste.