Correct Answer: Land ownership  

Solution : In pre-independence India, the social hierarchy in rural areas was largely based on land ownership, with landlords and zamindars at the top and landless laborers at the bottom of the social structure.

Correct Answer: By leading to the development of surrounding civilian settlements  
 

Solution : Cantonments contributed to the urbanization of colonial India by leading to the development of surrounding civilian settlements, as these areas provided services and goods to the military personnel and their families.

Correct Answer: Protecting natural resources and ecosystems

Solution : Environmental movements in India are primarily concerned with protecting natural resources and ecosystems, advocating for sustainable development and conservation practices.

Correct Answer: July 1964

Solution : The correct option is July 1964.

Established on July 1, 1964, under a parliamentary act, the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) initially operated as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India. Its primary objective was to extend credit and financial aid to the industrial sector in India, with a focus on priority areas.

Correct Answer: Reserve Bank of India

Solution : The correct option is Reserve Bank of India.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the nation's central banking organization, develops and implements the monetary policy of India. The RBI is in charge of policing and directing the flow of credit and the money supply in the Indian economy. The ultimate objectives of doing this are to maintain price stability, ensure sufficient liquidity in the financial system, and foster economic growth.

Correct Answer: A, C, B, D

Solution : The correct choice is the first option: ACBD

Part A is the opening part of the sentence because this part introduces the context of the sentence, mentioning some significant industrial and commercial establishments in a particular location.

Part D is the concluding part as this part provides a broader statement about India's potential for modernisation, possibly in reference to the context established in parts A, C, and B.

Therefore, the sentence after the arrangement should be, "The prosperity and business acumen of the great industrial and commercial houses in Mumbai and Kolkata indicate that in the commercial sector, India has a considerable potential for modernisation."

Correct Answer: 1948

Solution : The correct answer is 1948.

In 1948, the first Industrial policy based on the mixed economy principle was announced in India. The policy demarcated the areas of operation of the public and private sectors in the country. This policy was presented in the Parliament by the then Minister of Industries, Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.

Correct Answer: Statement 1 is true, and statement 2 is false.

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Statement 1 is true, and statement 2 is false.

Statement 1 is true. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, also known as the Nehru-Mahalanobis model, aimed to promote the development of large-scale industries in India. The focus was on the establishment of a public sector-led industrial base to support economic growth and self-sufficiency.

Statement 2 is false. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 did not specifically aim to encourage private investment in key industries. Instead, it emphasized the importance of the public sector and state intervention in the industrialization process. The policy advocated for the establishment of public sector enterprises and state control over key industries.

Therefore, statement 1 is true, as the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 emphasized the development of large-scale industries. Statement 2 is false, as the policy did not aim to encourage private investment in key industries.

Correct Answer: The assertion is true, but the reason is false.

Solution : The correct answer is (c) The assertion is true, but the reason is false.

The assertion is true. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 in India aimed to promote the development of small-scale industries. The policy recognized the importance of small-scale industries in promoting balanced regional development, employment generation, and reducing income inequalities. It introduced various measures and incentives to support the growth of small-scale industries, such as reservation of products for exclusive production by small-scale units, financial assistance, and technical support.

However, the reason is false. The resolution did not emphasize the role of the public sector in industrial growth. In fact, the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 recognized the importance of both the public and private sectors in industrial development. It advocated for a mixed economy, with a role for both public and private enterprises. The resolution aimed to strike a balance between the public and private sectors and promote their coexistence.

Therefore, the correct answer is that the assertion is true, but the reason is false.

Correct Answer: Concentrating on a specific region for development

Solution : Target area planning refers to concentrating on a specific region or area for development, with the aim of addressing regional imbalances and promoting overall growth.