Question : Assertion: Lower-level management has limited decision-making authority.
Reason: They implement the decisions made by top management and follow specific guidelines.
Option 1: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion.
Option 2: Both assertion and reason are incorrect.
Option 3: The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Option 4: The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Option 5: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion.
Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion.
The assertion that "Lower-level management has limited decision-making authority" is correct. Lower-level managers typically have less autonomy in making strategic decisions compared to top-level managers.
The reason provided, "They implement the decisions made by top management and follow specific guidelines," is also correct and effectively explains the assertion. Lower-level managers are often responsible for implementing and executing decisions made by top management, and they often work within specific guidelines or policies set by the higher levels of management.
Question : Assertion: The management process involves dealing with uncertainties and risks.
Reason: Managers need to make decisions based on incomplete information.
Question : Assertion: The nature of management is universal.
Reason: The principles and techniques of management can be applied in all types of organizations.
Question : Assertion: Effective management involves a top-down approach, where decisions flow from top-level management to lower levels.
Reason: Top-level managers have the most experience and knowledge to make crucial decisions.
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