Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
- Fees: ₹ 233000
Degrees offered: M.Sc., Ph.D, B.Sc.(Hons), B.Sc., BS
Toxicology deals with the study of the harmful effects of chemical or physical substances on the living organism. There are several branches of toxicology out of which clinical toxicology is the most important one because, despite advancement in medical science and pharmacology, the incidents of death due to the poisoning effect of drugs and medicines have been rising. Stricter drug developmental rules, better packaging, and immediate first aid do help in reducing the mortality rates due to toxicology to a certain extent, but it is only a certified clinical toxicologist who can indicate the exact need for further treatment and perhaps, the best antidote to the toxic chemical.
A clinical toxicology course, hence, is important to educate individuals about the toxicological causes of various substances so that they become capable of diagnosing any surgical or medical emergencies that may arise out of them. The objectives, or rather the takeaways of a clinical toxicology course can be summarized as below:
The clinical toxicology graduate (or postgraduate) is able to evaluate a poisoned patient and intervene immediately by picking up his critical conditions.
He can identify the possible toxicological cause(s) behind the case and decide on the further treatment protocol.
He is aware of the steps of toxicological emergency management and is trained in each procedure like supporting respiration, endotracheal intubation, etc.
He can diagnose and make decisions regarding the treatment of acute toxicity caused by some commonly used household items and environmental and medical poisons.
This article elaborates various aspects of the clinical toxicology courses that are offered in India.
Eligibility criteria for B.Sc Clinical Toxicology
Minimum educational qualification for B.Sc. is 10+2 or equivalent exam with science (physics, chemistry and biology/ maths) as compulsory subjects. At least a 50% mark is required for the B.Sc. admission.
Eligibility criteria for M. Sc Clinical Toxicology
Aspirants must have a B. Sc degree from a recognised college or university and pass the entrance examinations as conducted by individual colleges.
Admission Criteria for Clinical Toxicology Courses after Class 12
Students must have scored at least 50% in aggregate in the qualifying exam, that is, class 12 boards or an equivalent exam, for securing admission into the undergraduate course. As for entry into M. Sc courses, students must have scored at least 55% marks in graduation. They will also need to score the minimum cut off in the entrance examinations. Candidates have to fill an offline or online form and the course generally commences from the month of July after the entrance exam and submission of all documents as per college or university requirements.
There are many exams conducted by different universities or colleges offering clinical toxicology courses. Based on the performance of the candidates in these exams, the selection is done. Candidates who wish to pursue this course have to fill up an online or offline form and appear for the exam. To fill an online form, candidates have to visit the official website of the university or college and if they want to fill an offline form then they have to purchase the brochure along with the application form, fill up all details and submit it to the college or university. After the entrance exam, the university or college will release their cut-off percentage for admission to B.Sc (or M.Sc) clinical toxicology programme. Admission is given to only those candidates who clear the cut-off percentage and meet the university or college criteria after from other necessary requirements.
Fees for clinical toxicology courses vary from college to college or university to university. However, the range for the integrated course is Rs.6 lakhs for 5 years and for post-graduation, it varies. In government colleges, the course fee is Rs.13.74 thousand minimum and Rs. 1.85 lakhs maximum. In private colleges, the fee is Rs.9.31 thousand minimum and Rs.1.3 lakhs maximum.
PhD programmes are mostly scholarship-based. Candidates who qualify the CSIR UGC NET, get a handsome stipend from the government on a monthly basis during the entire tenure of the doctoral research. However, their registration has to be renewed to get the stipend for an extended period if they are not able to complete the research within the previously committed time.
The scope of this course is vast in India and abroad. India, especially, has established a robust infrastructure for toxicology research. Several leading institutions including the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, Central Drug Research Institute, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology, and Food & Drug Toxicology Research Centre are spearheading research in this sector.
After completion of this course, students can venture in various fields for jobs like research laboratories, government organisations like FSSAI, FCI, colleges and universities, hospitals etc. As already discussed, the average salary of a clinical toxicologist goes from Rs.3 lakhs to Rs.6 lakhs per annum.
A huge scope is found abroad in regions like the UK, the USA, and European countries. According to a recent report on toxicology, the international toxicology services market is forecasted to grow at an impressive CAGR to reach US$14,343 by 2025. Country-wise (the US. Germany, Canada, India, Japan, China), the global market is estimated to grow at CAGR 4.9% through 2018-2023. This is quite a significant growth and clinical toxicology graduates and postgraduates can surely expect to leverage upon it in a big way.
Minimum Fees | Maximum Fees | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Private | Government | Private | Government | |
UG | ||||
PG |
Environmental toxicology
Systemic toxicology
Cell and molecular biology
Molecular and immunotoxicology
Biochemical toxicology
Chemical and environmental carcinogen
Genotoxicity
Oncogenes
Biochemistry
Toxicology of heavy metals
Toxicology of insecticides and pesticides
Toxicology of known organic solvents and dyes
Human physiology
Analytical toxicology
Paediatric toxicology
Neuro toxicology
Ocular toxicology
Pulmonary irritants
Preclinical drug development
Proteomics & metabolomics
Applied toxicology
Industrial and occupational toxicology
Bioinformatics and biostatistics
Each subject is broken into many units and chapters each providing in-depth knowledge to the students. The above list, however, is a representative one. The actual curriculum and subjects may vary depending upon the course and institute chosen.
The current trend in clinical toxicology is open access to various scopes and mainly focuses on the harmful effects of chemical substances on living organisms. It basically deals with respect to medical toxicology, clinical toxicology, and computational toxicology. With the advancement in time and technology, people are more exposed to various toxic effects of various materials. Clinical toxicology is into exploring all the effects and the causes as well on human beings.
Following are some of the trending areas of research in toxicology:
Identification of illicit drugs using X-ray powder diffraction
Quantification of biochemical substances involved in impaired driving ability
High throughput chemical analysis (qualitative and quantitative) of drugs prior to consumption
There are many more burning issues which are being dealt with seriously by clinical toxicology scientists across the globe.
Following are the common job profiles which students of clinical toxicology can easily find out after completing masters from a recognized institute:
Environmental toxicology specialist: They assess water, soil and sediment in laboratories to identify any chemical toxicological effects of them on human beings, plants or animals. They continue researching new tests of toxicology to get an idea about environmental conditions.
Organic section manager: They look into the organic method of growing resources and identify any potential threats to it. Any toxin having adverse effects on these organic processes are analysed by them.
Safety specialist: They are responsible for ensuring safety to the working individuals of a chemical plant, managing safety programmes, implementing policies and making sure that those are abided by.
Research scientist: The research scientists carry out research in laboratories under controlled environment and analyse various toxic substances or chemicals or other materials to render them harmful or not for mankind.
Food scientist: They are responsible for providing accurate nutritional information of a particular food. They ensure that the foods are stored in a safe and attractive way which will also keep the food fresh.
Teacher/ lecturer: They teach the next generation of students who are interested in the course programme of clinical toxicology. They impart knowledge that they have already gathered and also help the students become more skilled in practical works by giving them hands-on training.
Top organizations across India for recruitment in this field are:
Govt. Organizations
Jamia Hamdard
Novo Nordisk India
Johnsons & Johnsons
GSK and Company
Apollo Hospitals and Research
FSSAI
Food Corporation of India
Jamia Hamdard is accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). The governmental body has collaborations with the following organisations as well:
Dabur India Ltd
Aimil Pharmaceuticals
Dolphin International
Fermish Clinical Technologies Pvt Ltd
Dabur Research Foundation (Ghaziabad)
TERI(New Delhi)
AIIMS(New Delhi)
CDRI
IARI
JNU
University of South Delhi
Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad
IITR (Lucknow)
DRDO (New Delhi)
Talwar Research Foundation(New Delhi)
THSTI (Faridabad)
NIPGR
ICGEB (New Delhi)
URDIP(CSIR), Pune
Toxicology is studying poisonous toxins and non-pathogenic substances. The knowledge helps a person to investigate how much adverse effect a toxin can have on living organisms. Its basic goal is to study chemicals to ensure that common people can use them without the worry of being harmed.
The salary of an individual depends on the job profile he is designated to and the organisation he is employed with. The expected minimum average salary after completion of a clinical toxicology course is Rs.25, 000 and the maximum average salary goes up to Rs.50, 000 per month. This can increase with experience and addition of further degrees in the resume.
Enthusiasm: Temporal crisis may occur at any point in time. The enthusiasm in the candidate will enable him/her to overcome that phase. This skill helps individuals to work more effectively as obstacles can be easily ignored and challenges can be faced in a skilled way.
Coordination skill: This is particularly important for teamwork. Coordination helps maintain balance which may be disturbed due to individual differences in behaviour or characteristic traits. Thus teamwork is enforced by coordination skill.
Analytical skill: At the workplace problems, small or large, may occur at any point in time. Possessing analytical skills helps one to find a solution to these problems in an efficient way. Analysing a problem helps in understanding what measure to take next.
Knowledge: In-depth knowledge of chemistry, molecular biology, immunology, statistics, environmental and science is mandatory. Candidates must know all these by heart so that they can analyse the collected data.
Observational skill: This helps immensely in the decision-making process. With minute observation skills, one may find it easier to listen to others’ opinions and interact with them in a more appropriate manner. The responses become more efficient too.
Concentration and patience: Working with clinical toxicology cannot afford a mind wandering aimlessly. For this field of work, it is important to identify, collect and analyse the data minutely. Lack of concentration and patience may result in wrong outcomes.
Also Read: Online Pathology Courses
Clinical toxicology integrated course is for 5 years and after B.Sc. (general/ honours), if a candidate pursues M.Sc., it is for 2 years. The post-graduation course consists of four semesters. The course curriculum is as follows:
SEMESTER 1:
Systematic toxicology
Environmental toxicology
Cell and molecular biology
Principles of toxicology
Practical exercise based on this course
SEMESTER 2:
Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis
Molecular and immunotoxicology
Biochemistry
Biochemical toxicology
Practical exercise based on this course
SEMESTER 3:
Toxicology of organic solvents and dyes
Toxicology of heavy metals
Human physiology
Toxicology of pesticides and insecticides
Practical exercise based on this course
SEMESTER 4:
Occupational and industrial toxicology
Analytical toxicology
Biostatistics and bioinformatics
Applied toxicology
Practical exercise based on this course
PRACTICAL:
1st Semester- 50+50
2nd Semester- 50+50
3rd Semester- 50+50
4th Semester- 50+50
Summer/ Industrial Training
Answer :
The top available job profiles and the salaries offered are tabulated below:
Job profile | Salary per annum |
Teacher/lecturer | Rs.3-6 lakhs |
Environmental toxicology specialist | Rs.2.4-6 lakhs |
Food scientist | Rs.4-6 lakhs |
Toxicologist | Rs.3-6 lakhs |
Answer :
The interested aspirants will have to fill up the online application form. They have to register themselves with putting in their name and other details as required by the form. They must provide contact details there. After the registration is complete, the institute authority contacts the aspirants directly and asks them to visit the institute on a set date and time.
Answer :
The colleges and universities that hold entrance examinations for admission into the post-graduation course are listed below:
Bhavans New Science College
University of Madras
SCMS Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Development
SCMS School of Technology and Management
Jamia Hamdard
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University
Chaudhary Charan Singh University
Answer :
Pharmacokinetics tells us about the time course of specific drug concentrations. It is basically a driver of the drug effect time course. Pharmacokinetics of drugs is useful in risk management and formulation of treatment guidelines for various patient types.
Answer :
Clinical toxicology deals with the poisonous effect of chemicals and drugs on biological systems and forensic toxicology is all about the application of toxicology in medicolegal cases, i.e. for investigative purposes in a legal context.
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