List of Online Courses and Certifications

The Advanced Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry course by SWAYAM is designed to show the usefulness and impact of organometallic chemistry in society as a whole. The program will also discuss how the organometallic compounds act as intermediaries in various catalytic cycles and also utilized in many organic transformations. 

The Advanced Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry online program is developed by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay. It explores how the results achieved within the confines of a laboratory or lab research is translated to industry-scale productions and applications. The course teaches the principles behind these compounds and how they influence society as a whole.

The Advanced Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry certification course is a Faculty Development Program (FDP) approved by the AICTE. This 12-week-long program aims to connect the laboratory discoveries to its wide-scale utility in industrial procedures. You will learn many implementation dimensions of organometallic compounds in commercial processes.

The Basic Real Analysis certification course has been designed with the aim to cover several basic concepts such as real line, differentiation as well as integration. The course prepares candidates for future courses. The theorems have been well explained so that the basics are clear for the aspirants. Theories and logics have been covered in every module of the basic real analysis course. 

The course will also be enhancing the skills of the individuals registering for the course. Discussion forums boosts up the confidence level, by offering rigorous learning during the learning phase of course. Assignments, reading sessions, video lectures and quizzes have been designed which ensures that the participants are having smooth learning.

Aspirants registering for the Basic Real Analysis online course will be able to solve the problems easily after the learning they acquire. Different terminologies such as limit superior and limit inferior have been included in the course.

As explained by the faculty at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, An Introduction to Microeconomics online course is 12-week learning in microeconomics. It assesses economic theories of individuals as enterprises and their contribution to a country’s economic landscape. This online course is an AICTE approved Faculty Development Programme (FDP).

An Introduction to Microeconomics certification syllabus includes a comprehensive study of humanities and social sciences. Topics generally discussed involve core economics subjects such as market environments, price discrimination, cost functions, isoquants, and comparative statistics. The lecturers give online and book references for students to read and learn with the curriculum.

Set at a postgraduate level of study, Prof. Vimal Kumar teaches An Introduction to Microeconomics certification course. He is currently an Associate Professor at IIT Kanpur and comes from a sound professional and academic background. Students can opt for an e-certificate by paying a nominal fee and appearing for a proctored test.

An Introduction to Programming through C++ certification course is an undergraduate-level study. The training is based on computers and program engineering that teaches its learners problem solving using C++. It covers the basics of programming notions and arithmetic applications. Students will know the design and standard libraries of the C++ programming language. 

Spread across 12-weeks of learning, An Introduction to Programming through C++ certification syllabus exposes learners to concepts such as dynamic memory allocation, recursive algorithms, and drawings. It also involves a discussion on a rudimentary graphics system. Using this safer version of computer language, candidates can design programs fast with low-level features. 

Developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, learners can pursue the course for free. However, for An Introduction to Programming through C++ certification, students need to sit for a scheduled examination by paying the necessary fee. Candidates need to secure an average combined score in course assignments and final examination for the e-certificate. 

The Basic thermodynamics: Classical and Statistical Approaches certification course will be helping the candidates to learn everything about quantum mechanics. This topic mostly covers everything about entropy, and when we talk about thermodynamics it is all about entropy. The main objective of this thermodynamics course is to demystification the enigma of entropy. 

The course will help candidates have strong learning which can be implemented in the labs as well. Thermochemistry is one such area where candidates find it difficult to learn, the experts have given this topic special empathetic and will be helping out the candidates.

The Basic thermodynamics: Classical and Statistical Approaches training also has an add-on benefit of the certificate. The certificate will be given to the candidates who clear the end term exam with a 75% of score. The experts taking the sessions have good knowledge and are experienced in this particular domain. Discussion forums are present in every module so that the candidates can clear out their doubts.

The Probability and Probability Distributions certification course is taught by Dr P Nagesh, author of 22 international refereed journals. He is currently working at the Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering in Mysore. Thus, students joining the course as amateurs in the probability domain are sure to gain mastery over the concepts. 

Spread over 12 weeks, this elective programme is an undergraduate-level course. From permutations and combinations to probability and concept of random variables to variance and standard deviations, the Probability and Probability Distributions certification syllabus covers it all. The curriculum, divided into weekly modules, also includes practical applications of addition and multiplication theorem and Bayes theorem.

The Probability and Probability Distributions training also enhances the students’ understanding by helping them polish their concepts via in-course assessment tests. Besides, the course also offers its learners the chance to obtain a certification which can be done by taking the end-term examination.  Moreover, students are also eligible for a credit transfer. 

An introduction to Smooth Manifolds course by SWAYAM is spread over 12-weeks and falls under Mathematics. This elective course introduces learners to the fundamental concepts of the smooth manifold theory. It is a Faculty Development Programme (FDP) approved by the AICTE.

In addition to online video lectures, this course also includes books and references. Moreover, An Introduction to Smooth Manifold's certification syllabus is curated by the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The curriculum comprehensively touches upon Stokes theory, orientation, submanifolds, topology, Frobenius theory, and much more. It splits into 12 learning modules, scheduled for every week.

Professor. Harish Seshadri from IISc Bangalore instructs the An Introduction to Smooth Manifold's online course. Students can choose to verify the skills acquired in this course with a certificate. For that, they need to pay the necessary certification fee. Ph.D. and Masters's students in Information theory, Robotics, Mathematics, Physics, Control theory, or Climate Sciences can enrol in this certification course. 

This Basics Of Language Science Online Course manages major parts of the language. In the course the candidate will develop an understanding connection between language, brain, and the general society that we reside in. The students will feel like they realize how to respond to a ton of inquiries regarding different complexities or various kinds of miracles about language.

This course assists the candidate with managing the three significant parts of language specifically, the construction at the degree of sounds, words, and sentences, securing or learning of it, and the varieties inside and among dialects. The Basics Of Language Science Programme offers answers to a large portion of the interests that strike major when we consider how we gained the limit of language as a child.

This course will guide the candidate in depth of language science. In the Basics Of Language Science Training candidate can also take up the course certificate by giving the exam which will be held after the course completion. The course timing is flexible and candidates can study according to their time preference and the course faculty will be professor Rajesh Kumar from IIT Madras for making understanding easy to candidates.

The Introduction to LASER certification course provides a great deal of exposure to the scientists, teachers, working engineers, or anybody interested in knowing how LASERS work. Spread over 12 weeks, this elective course is offered by Prof. M. R Shenoy, a faculty of IIT Delhi.  He joined IIT Delhi in 1988 and is known for his collaborative research on Integrated Optical Devices. 

The Introduction to LASER certification syllabus gives students deep insights into the principle functioning behind the lasers. It also deals with the issues concerned with the design and output characteristics of the Lasers along with resonator physics. 

The Introduction to LASER training is an ‘applied’ course in nature. It could be opted by students studying B.E/B.Tech (3rd/4th year)/M.Sc (2nd year)/M.Tech (1st year). Moreover, the course is approved by the AICTE as an FDP course. It mandates a sincere and regular effort on the part of the student to obtain expertise in the subject. 

The Biochemistry certification course is designed in a manner that will engage students with elementary education about the field and later it will bring them to the main scope of the course. This curriculum is an initial study that focuses on fundamental principles of biochemistry. The Biochemistry - IITKGP certification reflects on the understanding of the biological biomolecules: carbohydrates, sugars, nucleic acids. 

In addition to the principles of enzyme chemistry, the arrangement and functional functions of the macromolecules will be studied: kinetic models, pathways, resistance, structure, and process. The course will also discuss the fundamentals of membrane transportation and bioenergy concepts. After the end of the Biochemistry training, students are expected to grasp the chemical composition and the three-dimensional arrangement of these biomolecules in relation to their biological role. 

The course will take the modules of the whole curriculum one by one that will be engaged with the equally practical and theoretical studies for the program. The entire course will make the students more and more engaged with learning biochemistry with different assessments. 

The proposed course on Biochemistry by Swayam aims to provide the applicants with the fundamental concepts of biochemistry and so that appearing students can learn about the core concepts that pertain to biochemistry in detail. The Biochemistry- IITM certification syllabus over the period of twelve weeks will be covering concepts like- water, enzyme, citric acid cycle, carbohydrates, buffer, acids, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, and others. 

The programme will be recognised by the government and will help the students with economically vulnerable class to study about the higher concepts of biochemistry for free. The program will be offering the applicants free registration. Also, during the course tenure, the students will be gaining access to - quizzes, assignments, lecture videos, and others. The students after completing the course will thus have their skills increased in the subject of “catabolism of lipids”. They will learn about the various core concepts of biochemistry and its allied subjects.

The Bioinformatics: Algorithms and Applications certification course is structured in such a way as to motivate learners with basic education and the development and, further on, to introduce them to the quality gap of the curriculum. The course will engage the students with the field of bioinformatics as a multidisciplinary area of research for the study and understanding of massive biological data using computational strategies. 

The goal of this course is to make progress on key elements of bioengineering, such as database creation, computational assumptions, algorithms, and computer-aided drug development. Throughout the Bioinformatics: Algorithms and Applications certification the focus will be on learning series one by one, In the first portion of the series, course will concentrate on Gene and protein genomic sequences and interpretation, structural properties, and three-dimensional analysis. 

The following part will be dedicated to activities such as protein structure prediction, folding rate, mutation stability, and intermolecular interactions. In addition, course will discuss computer-aided drug design using boarding and QSAR tests. The Bioinformatics: Algorithms and Applications training is intended to cultivate the skills and expertise needed for prospective students, budding biologists, and academic scholars to learn bioinformatics algorithms and resources.

The Design and Analysis of Experiments certification course is designed to educate candidates on the various fundamentals of analysis tools and techniques, experimental designs, their applications, and interpretations. This course is created by IIT Kharagpur and imparted by Professor J. Maiti. It has industry support from renowned companies like Tata Steel and Tata Motors.

Candidates who enrol for the Design and Analysis of Experiments programme by Swayam will get to learn from video lectures, comprehensive and industry-relevant curriculum, and demonstrative software such as Minitab. Through this course, they will learn how to conduct experiments in a particular system and utilise different processes.

Spread over 12 weeks, the Design and Analysis of Experiments syllabus covers all crucial topics to impart a 360-degree understanding. The candidates will get various assignments to solidify their learning and can choose to appear for the final exam to obtain the certificate. This postgraduate MOOC is entirely free of cost and comes under the Management Studies category.

The online course on  Biophotonics by Swayam introduces the rudimentary concepts of photonics and biology along with the discipline of medicine. The  Biophotonics certification syllabus for a period of twelve months will be covering the following topics- basics of biology, light-matter interactions, biophotonics, biosensors, light activate therapy and other topics related to the domain. For the course, students from a multi-discipline can join. Candidates from electronics, biological sciences, bioengineering, communication engineering, and others can apply for the  Biophotonics online course and have their existing skills developed. 

The course will be held over digital platforms. The applicants further can register for the course for free but for getting the certificate they can choose to apply for the exam. For the benefit of the participating candidates, the course type has been structured as an elective. Also, the online course is an AICTE approved FDP course. The program will thus help the students to learn about the basics of light-matter interactions.

The Business Statistics certification course introduces the students to business statistics and its application. The course is a free online program. It is offered by the platform of Swayam in association with the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. Students will also be able to get a verified e-certificate for the course if they follow the given procedure. Although the proctored exam of the course demands an amount to be paid, students can still access the Business Statistics training for free without any payment. 

Students who decide to learn through this course will get to know detailed information from topics such as data collection, probability, sample distributions, etc. Students can complete the course as per their wish, however, the estimated time taken for this course is 12 weeks. The Business Statistics online course contains quizzes, assignments, and tasks to get a better understanding of the course. The students will be given one assignment every week to understand every topic properly. 

Mathematical concepts are often complicated, and you might get bored learning them through the traditional chalk and board method. Hence, IIT Ropar has developed an innovative and creative course to teach discrete mathematics through the Discrete Mathematics certification course. The 12-week-long online programme lays emphasis on problem-solving skills and logical thinking.

Discrete mathematics is a significant branch of mathematics used in machine learning, data science, and software engineering. The Discrete Mathematics- IIT Ropar online course has been designed to make learning mathematics fun for students. You can learn through a series of video lectures that include several illustrations, animations and anecdotes to ensure full understanding and retention.

Furthermore, Discrete Mathematics training by Swayam assumes no prerequisites and is open for anyone interested in learning the programme. You can attain an official certificate awarded by Swayam and NPTEL at the end of the programme by qualifying for the final certification examination and all the assignments.

The Chemistry Of Main Group Elements Programme by Swayam, offers deep coverage on the subject of chemistry. It covers different topics such as systematic understanding of chemical reactivity, bonding concepts, structure concepts, p-block elements, c-block elements and others. Various applications of main group elements and their compounds will also be added into the lectures. The intended audience for this training include the teachers, students and PhD scholars. The only prerequisites to join this course is 12th grade chemistry knowledge. This course will be very useful for those who are working in Pharmaceutical industries.

The duration of the Chemistry Of Main Group Elements Training by Swayam, is 12 weeks. This is an FDP course approved by AICTE. This programme does not cost anything and can be enrolled for free. But the certificates are provided only if the learners register and write a proctored examination conducted by Swayam in person at any of the designated exam centres. This course will be instructed by Prof. M. S. Balakrishna (IIT Bombay).  The course certification will be e-verifiable at nptel.ac.in/noc.

The Environmental Remediation of Contaminated Sites online course is an environmental engineering programme, developed by IIT Roorkee. Aspirants with a Bachelor’s or Master’s in Sciences can take up this curriculum. Assistant professor Bhanu Prakash Vellanki from IIT Roorkee instructs the course, through numerous interactive learning sessions and written assignments.

The Environmental Remediation of Contaminated Sites certification syllabus splits into four learning modules. It further divides into subtopics covered over 12 weeks. These include remediation processes, law, regulations, groundwater, solidification, and more. A prior understanding of biology, chemistry, and physics is crucial to enroll in this training. Moreover, the course supports industrial learning through Degremont, Nalco Water, Thermax, and Veolia Water, and other companies.

The Environmental Remediation of Contaminated Sites certification is an AICTE approved FDP (Faculty Development Programme). Students can also avail of a certificate if they opt for it. They will have to pay a nominal fee and meet the criteria mentioned for the certificate. This certificate will be verifiable on NPTEL’s website.

The course on Fluid Dynamics for Astrophysics by Swayam provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of fluid phenomena in the subject of Astrophysics. The programme over the initial few weeks will cover the fundamentals of fluid dynamics with a special emphasis on compressible phenomena. The basic concepts hence learnt by the students will help them to understand the core concepts that pertain to astrophysics in a more comprehensive way. In the Fluid Dynamics for Astrophysics certification module, the students will elaborate cover the topics of- magnetic field, black hole accretion, solar wind power, magnetohydrodynamics and more. 

The students after completing the online certification programme will be equipped to pursue a career as a research worker in the subject of astrophysics. Thus, after completing the twelve week programme the students will learn to understand the concepts of dynamos that are used in jets. They will also learn to work with the concepts of classical mechanics.

The online certification course on Conservation Economics by Swayam will be helping the students to learn about issues such as- climate change, pollution, overpopulation, mass extinction, habitat loss, and others both through the means of lecture classes and online videos.

The students in the Conservation Economics by Swayam online course will be provided both with academic as well as academic knowledge in the said discipline. The applicants will be provided with technological solutions that will help them while mitigating plans and also while formulating policies for tackling the crisis.

The course has been structured as an elective so that students from economics or science backgrounds can learn the maximum from the course curriculum. The importance of conservation and the role it plays in the modern age will be discussed in the session. Also, the registered students will be studying conventional economics and its application so that they can build up their skills and understanding in the subject of “green economics”.

Spread across 12 weeks, the Essential of Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids and Peptides online course is a study based on organic chemistry. It studies the structures and features of nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, and other biomolecules. Book references, learning modules, and video lectures will be the mode of delivering content. 

Aimed at a postgraduate level of study, the Essential of Biomolecules certification syllabus focuses on the functions of proteins such as synthesis action and replication. It also studies modern modification techniques of biological properties. As a prerequisite, students need to understand the basics of organic chemistry. 

Assistant Professor Lal Mohan Kundu mentors the Essential of Biomolecules training by Swayam developed in conjunction with IIT Guwahati. Candidates can choose to verify their learning with a certificate by appearing for an optional end-term exam. For that, students need to pay an exam fee for the proctored examination.

The Forests And Their Management certification course allows the students to pursue this course without making any payment. It depends upon the will of the candidate whether they want to go for the paid version of the course or the free one. Candidates can get benefitted by paying the exam fees in the form of a verified e-certification. The course is provided by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur in association with the forum of Swayam. The learning from this course comes with no limitations regarding the attendance or timings of the classes. It is a self-paced programme and can be finished as per the will of the students. The Forests And Their Management certification syllabus will take around 3 months to get completed by the teacher.

The course deals with the broad concept of wildlife and its management. Candidates who take admission into this programme will learn about silviculture, principles of forestry, process of planting a forest in India as well as abroad with some practical insights. The Forests And Their Management online course covers 12 different topics and assignments every week which helps in giving a detailed explanation of the topic as well the students can assess their understanding through assignments and tasks.

The Essentials of Oxidation, Reduction, and C-C Bond Formation by IIT Bombay and IISER Thiruvananthapuram, emphasizes concepts like selectivity, mechanism, stereochemistry, and their applications in synthetic problems. This postgraduate course falls under the domain of chemistry. Candidates registering for this course can also obtain a highly valuable accreditation from NPTEL and IIT Bombay.  

The Essentials of Oxidation, Reduction, and C-C Bond Formation certification is also an FDP course approved by AICTE. Spread over twelve weeks, the program is taught by Dr. Padma Shree Vankar, who has a Ph.D. in Chemistry from IIT Kanpur. Her specialization is synthetic organic chemistry, and she has several years of expertise under her name. 

The Essentials of Oxidation, Reduction, and C-C Bond Formation certification syllabus outlines all the essential concepts related to C-C bond formation. The course contents include all the topics like selectivity, swern oxidation, IBX, microbial oxidations, Sharpless epoxidation, Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation, Tamao fleming oxidation, and photosensitized oxidations.

The Electromagnetism programme by Swayam is an undergraduate course of twelve weeks. In this, students will learn, apply, and analyse how Maxwell’s equations govern electric and magnetic fields’ dynamics. This comprehensive curriculum falls under the ‘Physics’ domain and covers critical topics such as electrostatics, magnetostatics, electrodynamics, a magnetic field’s energies, dielectrics forces, spherical coordinate systems, and Faraday's law.

The Electromagnetism training also helps course-takers familiarise with vector calculus, Stoke’s theorem, Divergence theorem, and Dirac Delta function. Students will study the motion of charged particles in magnetic and electric fields, and gain fluency about the equation of continuity. With merely a prior knowledge in Calculus, aspirants can gain admission into this programme and start learning these concepts.

Moreover, the Electromagnetism certification course is an undergraduate-level one, and it is targeted at first-year B.Sc. students. This core programme offers a holistic syllabus and is free to learn from. However, candidates can achieve a digitally-verifiable certificate for this course by appearing for the proctored exam and completing the course.

The Electronic Theory of Solids programme by Swayam is a 12-week course that begins with a straightforward example of a two-atom solid. This course builds on this example and discusses the theory of electrons in an N-atom solid. The application to thermal and electrical properties in solids is also discussed.

The Electronic Theory of Solids training explains symmetries and how they relate to emergent electronic properties. Next, the course introduces the magnetism of solids to the students, and the origin and types of magnetic states are outlined. Students also learn about the concept of magnetic long-range order with examples.

Furthermore, the Electronic Theory of Solids certification course introduces the historical developments and basic superconductivity concepts. Students learn how to work out the BCS theory and the Cooper problem. Additionally, all successful participants of the course receive a certificate of completion to highlight their advanced skills.

The Experimental Physics II certification course throws light on the wide range of experiments in physics that form an important part of the knowledge base to be acquired by the students of engineering and science. Since there are no books available to elaborate on these experiments, we can understand why the course is highly reputed for a reason. 

The Experimental Physics II certification syllabus extensively covers all the experiments ranging from reflection, refraction, and dispersion to quantum and atomic physics. The training spans over 12 weeks and Professor Amal Kumar Das from IIT Kharagpur teach it. He has completed his Ph.D. in experimental physics and material sciences from the autonomous Institute of Physics, (IOPB) Bhubaneswar and is currently working as a faculty in the Department of Physics at IIT Kharagpur.

The Experimental Physics II training helps the students in understanding the core concepts of each of the experiments. This simplified training is made available in the form of video lectures over the NPTEL platform. Thus, the online course not only imparts knowledge but also ensures that the evaluation of the same is done in an effective manner. The course sees to that the absence of specialized teachers to simplify the subject is compensated in our country.

The Experimental Physics certification course enables students to understand and grasp all the concepts used in the experiments of mechanics, sound, magnetism, electricity, optics, quantum physics, modern physics, and solid-state physics. The course has been conveniently divided into modules that come with 30 hours of lessons each. The training is also preceded by two other courses which deal with different modules of experiments. 

Currently, the Experimental Physics III certification syllabus comprises the third module of experiments which deals with the topics of solid-state physics and modern physics. The course is spread over 12 weeks and is taught by Professor Amal Kumar Das who is currently working as a faculty in the physics department of IIT Kharagpur. Students can apply this knowledge in securing higher scores in national level exams like NET, JAM, GATE, and JEST which are conducted by UGC/CSIR, IIT, IIT, and SERB respectively.   

The Experimental Physics III training comes with a curriculum that is not only ideal for undergraduate students of physics but also mandatory for undergraduates of engineering, technology, and science. Since these students are required to deal with instruments at different points of time through their courses, this program can easily prove beneficial to them. It will enable them to understand the working principles behind several common devices in experiments.

The Experimental Stress Analysis online course is designed to teach the basic elements of experimental stress analysis. The program discusses extensive treatment of the most flexible methods such as strain gauges and photoelasticity. Furthermore, it offers information on the basic aspects of six distinctive experimental techniques, including Brittle Coatings, Speckle Methods, Caustics, Moiré, Holography, and Thermoelastic Stress Analysis.

The Experimental Stress Analysis certification program is developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. It is a Faculty Development Programme (FDP) approved by AICTE. With the help of this course, learners will gain in-depth knowledge of the concepts such as exposure to photoelastic coatings and transmission photoelasticity. 

The explanations in the Experimental Stress Analysis online course by SWAYAM will make the students skilled in figuring out ideal experimental techniques under given circumstances. Learners will also get a glimpse into emerging methods such as digital image correlation and digital photoelasticity. The elective course also provides an e-certificate upon fulfilling certain conditions.

The English Language for Competitive Exams programme is a 30-hour course suitable for undergraduate or postgraduate students across all disciplines. This is an advanced-level elective curriculum, designed by IIT Madras, that prepares candidates for national and international competitive exams, which tests their English language skills. It also features the institute’s renowned Professor, Aysha Iqbal, who’ll be teaching this course.

The English Language for Competitive Exams training strives to help the students become confident with the English language, especially during competitive exams. The course primarily focuses on developing grammar, vocabulary, reading, and writing skills amongst learners. This is a complex curriculum, including higher-order English skills. Reading material is derived from the classics of English literature as well.

The English Language for Competitive Exams online course uses a contextual approach to teach grammar and vocabulary. Aspirants will also refer to global newspapers and magazines for better comprehension. After acquiring this certification, candidates will have a recognised skill across various academic institutions and industries.

The Fundamentals of Spectroscopy by Swayam will provide a detailed study of the interaction of light with a matter which is defined as Spectroscopy. This course will introduce the concepts of quantum mechanics and its usage in spectroscopy. The different forms of spectroscopy are studied in detail in this course. The principles of spectroscopy will be elaborated on in both theoretical and experimental ways. This course will lay the foundation from which structural aspects of a variety of systems in the fields of physics, chemistry, and biology will be understood.

The Swayam platform aims to provide the best quality education accessible to everyone. This platform is an initiative of the government of India. The course will be conducted online. This course is verified in the NPTEL platform as well. The NCL Pune and IISER Pune verifies this course. The course instructors are faculty members of these institutions.

The Fundamentals of Spectroscopy certification has accreditations from several prestigious institutions such as NPTEL, MHRD, NCL Pune, and IISER Pune. The certification is easily shareable on platforms such as Linkedin. Students aiming for higher studies and professionals wanting to accelerate their career growth can do so from this platform.