Free Teaching And Academics Courses & Certifications

Preparing for the AP* English Language and Composition Exam course is a 35-week course that requires at least 10 to 15 hours of study per week. It is a self-paced course meaning you can navigate the course at your own pace without worrying about deadlines. The course is designed to help you become a skilled writer and reader through composing, reading, and writing.

Preparing for the AP* English Language and Composition Exam programme will take you through a slew of essential topics to help you crack the examination. The syllabus covers topics like rhetorical situations, rhetorical strategies, researching, and formulating arguments. You’ll also learn how to cite sources using a recognised editorial site.

Upon completing the Preparing for the AP* English Language and Composition Exam online training, you also receive a completion certificate from edX, provided you have paid the certification fees. This certificate can be easily attached to your resume/CV or posted directly on your LinkedIn profile.

The Preparing for the AP* Statistics Exam course aims to introduce its students to the important concepts and tools for data collection and analysis. Four main concepts would be dealt with here that is, exploring data, sampling and experimentation, pattern anticipation, and statistical inference. It is an introductory-level course, and you need to have mathematical intuition and quantitative reasoning ability to take admission here. 

The Tennessee Board of Regents is offering the AP* Statistics Exam preparation programme by edX. After completion, you will learn all the knowledge and skills required that will help you prepare for an advanced placement statistics exam. This course falls under the Data Analysis and Statistics subject. 

The edX AP* Statistics Exam preparation course is taught online via video lectures. It has a duration of about thirty-five weeks, and you can complete it at your own pace. Participants will be able to access all the course material completely free of cost. And when you pay the certification fee, you will also become eligible for certification. 

The course Visualizing Imperialism & the Philippines, 1898-1913 by Edx operates on innovative training methods by way of visual records through which the candidates will be able to understand the concepts of the evolution of history at the turn of the 20th century. The course ensures candidates learn the methods of understanding key visual references and apply the techniques to enhance the learning process.

The course will revolve around the primary concepts of history involving the themes of civilization and imperial wars which tended to explain the theme of humanity and barbarism. The candidates will learn about the historical debates that were seen in political cartoons. The course addresses the issues of race and bias in photography as well as cartooning.

The course has a discursive and exploratory type of training that would be set up in the form of a roundtable discussion structure of the course. This course will introduce the candidates to numerous backgrounds relating to the revolution of history in the 20th-century era. The students will be able to choose any track like audit or verified to complete learning the course. These tracks allow self-paced progress of the course though during the audit track course access is limited but free. Again during the verified track, access for the students is paid but unlimited.

The Applications of Quantum Mechanics Certification Course is a specialized quantum physics course that deals with the theoretical aspects and practical applications of quantum mechanics. The course will explore topics including the quantum mechanical description of particles.

The Applications of Quantum Mechanics Online Course is led by a team of experts, namely Barton Zwiebach, Alex Shvonski, and Jolyon Bloomfield from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The course is offered on the edX online learning platform.

After completion of the Applications of Quantum Mechanics Live Course through video lectures, course materials, graded assignments, and exams, learners will be rewarded with a shareable certificate of completion. The advanced level course will be taught in an instructor-led manner.

The Quantum Mechanics Certification Course is an intermediate-level physics course that explores different aspects of quantum mechanics through specialized course materials. The online course available on the edX platform will be taught over a duration of 18 weeks.

Through the Quantum Mechanics Training Course, learners will be able to gain knowledge in the field of quantum information science. The course would require learners to have basic knowledge of calculus and mathematics. The course is taught by James Freericks, Professor of Georgetown University.

After completion of the Quantum Mechanics Live Course through graded assignments and exams, learners will receive a shareable certificate of completion. The course will make use of computer-based simulations and animations to deliver the topics with clarity and precision. The candidates will be getting the option to choose from among the 2 tracks, one is the audit track and the other is the verified track. If one wants limited but free access their pick can be the audit track whereas if someone needs unlimited course material access they may upgrade to the paid verified track.

Classical Electromagnetism - 1 (Electrostatics) is one of the online courses by Dr H C Verma and others in his team. The course will be completed online through videos of the lectures prepared by Dr H C Verma and his team members in Hindi language. And the total duration of the course is four months and three lectures will be released every week and usually on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. The lectures released can also be accessed after the completion of the course.

In case you are pursuing BSc or MSc related to any field of physics, or have an interest in increasing theoretical knowledge in the theories of physics. So, it is the best way to utilize your time. Moreover, it is free of cost, and if you attend this, then certificates will also be issued depending on your performance from the Centre for Continuing Education (CCE), IIT Kanpur. During the course, you will be evaluated on the four multiple-choice quizzes that will be held.

In this course, you will be covering topics of Classical Electromagnetism - 1 (Electrostatics) such as Coulomb's Law, Gauss's Law, Dipole Moment, and many more. All the contents of the course are mentioned in the following article.

Linear Algebra Refresher Course Certification is a short-term certificate to brush up on the basics of matrix theory and linear algebra. Emphasis will be given to topics that will be useful in other disciplines as well, including systems of equations, vector spaces, determinants, eigenvalues, similarity, positive definite matrices, etc.

Candidates enrolling in this course will learn about the concepts in linear algebra and simultaneously by applying them in computer programs. At the end of Linear Algebra Refresher Course Classes, students can code their own personal library of linear algebra functions that they would have learned in this course and hence can be used to solve real-world problems.

All candidates undertaking the course shall receive Linear Algebra Refresher Course Certification by Udacity.

The Mindfulness and Meditation program is a professional course entirely conducted online. It offers candidates the opportunity to realize their potential and become the person they have always wanted to be. Certified by the Austin Peay state university, this course is classified under the ‘Continuing Education’ category on Upskillist. 

The Mindfulness and Meditation certification syllabus is broadly classified into four modules. These modules further contain a total of 32 lessons and in-course assignments. The high-quality lessons and assessments together provide a smooth and consistent learning experience. 

Moreover, the course contents are curated by subject matter experts. Candidates can be sure that they are being trained by industry-fit professionals. The Mindfulness and Meditation online course can be used as a tool to smartly control your mind’s reactions to the various challenges one encounters in life. 

With the techniques a candidate learns in this course, they can effectively let go of thoughts and emotions that do not serve them well. Moreover, this course is spread over 16 weeks. Candidates can learn the best way to use meditation to enhance their physical and mental health and become their better selves. 

The Fourier Analysis and Its Applications online course has been selected as the basic theoretical applications and aspects of the topics that are directly or indirectly related to the topic of Fourier. 

The Fourier Analysis and Its Applications certification syllabus will be conducted for a total of 16 weeks and will be covering the topics namely- The space S of rapidly decreasing functions, Application to PDEs, Fourier transform as an operator from S to S, and the Plancherel's theorem, Cesaro summability - Fejer's theorem and its applications, Basic convergence theorem of Fourier series and its applications and Sturm-Liouville problems and its applications. 

With the help of lecture videos, assignments, tests, and case study guides, the students will be taught the basics of the concept of  Fourier. The diverse applications of the subject of mathematics will also be covered in a descriptive way in the online course on Fourier Analysis and Its Applications by Swayam.

The course on  Fundamental Concepts of Electricity by Swayam is organized over the online platform and is scheduled for a period of sixteen weeks. In the Fundamental Concepts of Electricity certification syllabus, the students will be covering the concept clearing topics namely- Basic physical laws, Three-phase transformers, Mutually coupled circuits and transformers. 

Students will also learn about the Frequency response of circuits, Single phase transformers, Circuit elements, Sinusoidal steady-state response - single-phase systems, Natural transients and steady-state Response, Power supply systems, Sinusoidal steady-state response - three-phase systems, and others. The program on Fundamental Concepts of Electricity certification helps the students to clear out their fundamental concepts in the domain of electricity supply system by the means of - experimental demonstrations, real-life examples, analysis, and illustrations. The course will be providing students with practice sets and a live discussion series. The Fundamental Concepts of Electricity training is an AICTE approved FDP course.

The Curriculum Pedagogy and Evaluation course offers a thorough understanding of the curriculum, various evaluation techniques, and pedagogical approaches. The development of a firm knowledge in these areas would ensure productive professional development for you. 

The Curriculum Pedagogy and Evaluation online course can be well utilized by all faculties across the country as a general course irrespective of the subject. The program’s structural framework will benefit aspirants from other disciplines as well. After course completion, you will surely master different evaluation techniques, perspectives of curriculum, and pedagogical practices that can be applied to various spheres of professional progress. 

You will also receive a Curriculum Pedagogy and Evaluation certification upon course completion. To get it, you will have to clear the external end-term exam. The program curriculum has 16 Weeks of training. Moreover, the course has been approved by AICTE as an FDP (Faculty Development Programme). It is part of the Annual Refresher Programme in Teaching or ARPIT. 

Teachers from all streams and academic levels need to update and refresh their skills from time to time. The ARPIT 2020: Online Refresher Course In Chemistry offered by Swayam aims to help Chemistry teachers at the university level. The course includes a range of exciting chemistry topics in different modules to help chemistry teachers gain helpful knowledge.

The ARPIT 2020: Online Refresher Course In Chemistry is a re-run of the ARPIT Chemistry 2019 course and includes the same modules along with some newly added quizzes. The curriculum consists of different themes such as the history of chemistry as a field, the latest news in the area, related industries, and much more. You can learn through video-based lessons and other multimedia tools such as online quizzes, reading material, etc.

The ARPIT 2020: Online Refresher Course In Chemistry is a part of the Annual Refresher Programme In Teaching (ARPIT) series of courses. The training syllabus is divided into 16 modules. It is a PG-level programme offered by the prestigious SGTB Khalsa College of the University of Delhi.

The ARPIT Refresher Course in Commerce by Swayam is designed for the professional and personal growth of teachers, especially those who are teaching in higher education institutions. This course seeks to expose faculty members in commerce or management disciplines to the latest developments and new frontiers of knowledge in the field of commerce.

Moreover, the ARPIT Refresher Course in Commerce online program will also focus on some aspects of research methodology and tools. The training will cover research approaches and techniques for managing the classroom environment and pedagogy. The program comprises 40 hours of study material, 20 of which will be supplied through video lectures, and the rest through reading material.

The ARPIT Refresher Course in Commerce training is delivered by Swayam and developed by the Shri Ram College of Commerce. Dr. C.S.Sharma is the course instructor. Spanning across 16 weeks, this course involves a total of 16 modules, along with a fair share of assignments, quizzes, case studies, and discussions.

Educational Technology benefits the students by allowing them to learn from industry experts. The students in the Educational Technology programme will cover the details of “educational technology” in 16-weeks. To make it easier for the students, the Educational Technology fee for all students is free. During this online course, students will cover topics like Broader issues surrounding the impact of such tools, Current state-of-the-art tools, Research methodologies in user testing, Promising pedagogical strategies, Pedagogical strategies, Current theories in the community, Research Methodologies, Current state-of-the-art tools, and others. A 75% discount is made available to all the students. The entire course will be conducted by industry professionals.

Swayam’s upcoming MCO-03: Research Methodology and Statistical Analysis online course teaches its applicants about research’s most significant aspect - research methodology. This extensive programme falls under the ‘Commerce’ purview and aims to help researchers gain the necessary skills to establish highly-efficient methodologies for their research studies. Through online videos, students can learn at a self-directed pace as well.

The MCO-03: Research Methodology and Statistical Analysis certification syllabus is a thorough curation by the Indira Gandhi National Open University. It covers numerous vital topics, including business research, random sampling, comparative scaling techniques, research design, variance, correlation, data processing, non-random sampling, Bayes’ Theorem, scatters plots, etc. It also explains research report writing, critical terminologies, and interpreting statistical data.

Spread across 16 weeks, the MCO-03: Research Methodology and Statistical Analysis training is entirely online, delivered by the University’s skilled faculty, Dr Subodh Kesharwani. The curriculum is set at the postgraduate level, teaching beginners about research skills and helping existing research improve their research quality.

As a noble initiative founded by the Government of India to achieve accessibly, quality, and equitable education, SWAYAM comes out as a commendable online training venture which prioritises excellence in education. The initiative aims at the free and unhindered transmission of teaching-learning resources to everyone beyond their financial and miscellaneous obstacles. With SWAYAM, learners can bridge the digital divide caused due to them belonging to areas untouched by the digital tsunami by being a part of the knowledge economy like regular learners.

Biochemistry of Biomolecules Certification Programme focuses on one of the most significant parts of the interdisciplinary subject of Microbiology-Biochemistry. This topic deals with the interesting interplay of Chemistry and Biology to comprehend some of the highly fascinating and educationally relevant systems of the human body with deliverables from an expert in the domain.

The 36-moduled course includes discussion over Bioenergetics, Lipids, Biochemistry of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Vitamins, Enzymes, and Practicals and involves candidates through the discussion forum. 

The course works on the idea that to understand microorganisms and their behaviour, Biochemistry is an important background subject. Throughout the span of four months, candidates will work on tests and quizzes which would test their learnings and help them revise the same.

The Government of India initiated a programme Swayam and build it to accomplish the three cardinals of Indian Education Policy, i.e. Quality, Equity and Access. Swayam is devised so that the underprivileged students are reconciled with technology, as they formerly had no access to digital resources and remained unaware of its advantages. The intention behind the project is to make the finest education available to all, even the most distressed ones and enable them to join the mainstream of knowledge.

The programme runs effectively as it has a platform that hosts all the courses taught in classrooms from Class 9 to Post- Graduation on online servers which are procurable anytime, from anywhere, by anyone. Thousands of faculties and teachers were chosen specially for the creation of the courses which are interactive and inclusive of the described syllabus and are available for free.

The courses which are put up on Swayam are available in four kinds, each holding specific purpose and intention, following the art of pedagogy to enrich the teaching-learning process. The four mediums of instruction are- reading material meant to be downloaded and printed, video Lectures, Self- Practice Tests, quizzes and assessments and an online discussion forum.

The course stands as basic in the understanding of petrology as a subject. The course provides a platform for the postgraduate student to dive deep and explore the unknown world of geology. It stands out in providing a better understanding of “earth's origin and evolution”. The Geology: Paper- Metamorphic Petrology and Thermodynamics programme by Swayam provides the students with a rudimentary understanding of metamorphic reactions, Laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, entropy, and others.

The Geology: Paper-Metamorphic Petrology and Thermodynamics course give a detailed description- of the concept of classification of metamorphic facies, facies- series and grade. Candidates are introduced to the theory of plate tectonics, nature of metamorphic reactions, and mineralogical phase. Geology: Paper- Metamorphic Petrology and Thermodynamics syllabus gives emphasis on petrology which covers the course study of Geology and its perspective. 

On completion of Geology: Paper- Metamorphic Petrology and Thermodynamics course one’s career perspective in geology will increase. The course will help in skill-building of the candidates in the domain of geology with special mention on petrology and thermodynamics.

Swayam's Business Statistics course is hugely relevant in this era as statistics play a vital role in the business world, and helps in the quick and accurate decision-making process. To that end, this online course covers descriptive statistics, statistical study, probability, linear regression, and correlation in depth. 

Business Statistics online course is a 12-week online course available at the undergraduate level. By the end of the course, you can become familiar with the concepts of statistics, data collection, and data analysis tools. Additionally, the online course will make you adept at data analysis and interpretation, as well as the concepts of statistics. 

Furthermore, the Business Statistics certification course provides numerous employment opportunities in lucrative roles like data analysts and consultants. This comprehensive programme allows you to hone your decision-making skills in the corporate sector and gives you essential tools essential for data analysis. Take this course to earn a certificate and further your career with a strong professional portfolio.

The biology course, Introduction to Biology- The Secret of Life, is an introductory course that explores different biological technologies and applications in a self-paced learning experience. 

The course is validated by the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MITx) under the guidance of Professor Eric Lander and other experienced professors of the institute. The course free audit session to all enrolled learners is open only for a limited time which can then be upgraded to avail complete course access and certification upon assessment of the competency exam hosted by MITx. The course is packed with interactive problem sets, activities, and assessments. Though the course is self-paced, students get limited access to the course materials in the Audit Track whereas in the Verified Track, the candidates have unlimited access.

The content of the course reflects many important biological concepts that are fundamental. The course opens with a focus on the structure and functions of macromolecules, the changes they undergo with slight variations and their implications on human health, understanding hereditary and information flow in human cells, and imparting this knowledge by incorporating molecular biological techniques and understanding its potential to impact the world. The course gives the learner a foundation in modern Biology and a better understanding of the medical revolutions happening in the technological age. 

Launching Innovation in Schools course has been designed by edX and MITx and Microsoft to enable the educators to improve the learning experience for the students. It is for school leaders of all kinds who are constantly taking initiatives in schools, taking an initiative to improve learning and teaching.

Participants of this course will be working with their colleagues on assignments and experimental activities for launching a new initiative and measuring their progress along the way. The main focus of the Launching Innovation in Schools course is the capacity-building and visioning of the participants, along with collaboration and partnerships with stakeholders at several levels. Through this course, participants will have set in motion the initiative of an instructional improvement in school or any other learning environment. 

They will be able to identify themselves as leaders and change agents. They will make various connections with peers who are also working towards the same task. They will be confident and skilled enough to lead instructional improvement initiatives. Launching the Innovation in Schools course is a part of the Microsoft K-12 Education Leadership initiative developed for giving resources to K-12 school leaders worldwide as they address the requirements of their schools for a changing educational landscape.

The course Advanced Linear Algebra: Foundations to Frontiers by edX offers a comprehensive course format that enables candidates to understand the fundamental concepts of linear algebra. The course equips the candidates with the opportunity to increase and build their knowledge of the primary key concepts for data and computational scientists.

Through the course, candidates will develop and enhance their knowledge, skills, and understanding of practical algorithms, matrix, and linear algebra for computational uses. The candidates will learn about the various tasks performed by the computer based on the fundamentals of algebra like analysing the effects of floating-point arithmetic.

The candidates with the help of this course will be able to master the learning of advanced linear algebra in a span of just 16 weeks. The course gives the ease to the candidates to learn at their own pace while learning from the reputed instructors from The University Of Texas at Austin. There are two modes of enrolment for this course; paid with the certificate and free without the certificate. Students who choose the free enrolment mode will get access to the course only for a limited duration. 

The Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria Certification Course is an open online course provided by the faculty of Stanford University. This is an introductory level course with no prerequisites and it is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students who are planning to take courses in thermodynamics.

The Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria Online Course is offered on the edX platform and has a duration of 16 weeks. The science course is taught by Alberto Salleo who is the Professor of Material Science and Engineering at Stanford University. Upon completion of the course, learners will receive a certificate.

The Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria Training Course is a self-paced course that allows learners to progress at their own speed. The course will discuss different laws of thermodynamics and their applications with regard to phase equilibria. The mode of assessment will be through graded assignments and exams.

The IELTS Training Online course is intended to supplement all aspects of learning the English language. The course will shape English language proficiency and help candidates become indistinguishable from native English speakers. The course trains students to speak with assurance by using intonation, phrases, pronunciation, and general communicative words.

The IELTS Training Course Online helps in improving grammar and spelling, expanding vocabulary for making students comfortable with punctuation conventions. The course teaches about various types of listening strategies and applying them to get responses to questions and appointment scheduling. The course teaches important speech habits in order to improve fluency.

The IELTS Training Course Online syllabus covers all the topics around listening, reading, and conversation in the English language which includes various strategies of reading and utilizing them to read and comprehend effectively. To achieve full communicative competence, the course combines these skills in a multimodal world. The program also teaches some phrases for politely ending a conversation.

The Online Refresher Course in Education certification course is associated with the National Resource Centre for Education, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya. The course aims to bring a change to the existing practices in the education sector. Students who enrol into this course gain an understanding of descriptive research, fundamentals of samplings, central limit theorem, hypothesis, etc. 

The entire Online Refresher Course in Education certification syllabus takes forty hours and can be completed in fifteen weeks. The course can be availed at zero cost in the online mode. The programme is an AICTE approved FDP course available at the platform of Swayam. The provider allows the candidate to be a certified user of the Online Refresher Course in Education programme if they fulfil the eligibility criteria of the exam. 

The experts use different teaching methods in order to make the sessions more interactive and interesting for the students. The study material of the programme includes modern audio as well as video lectures, quizzes, assessments, discussions, etc. The Online Refresher Course in Education certification can be pursued through the self-paced method according to the students' preferences.

The Pedagogy of Teaching English online course helps candidates to acquire a broader view of language teaching. It essentially covers the various developments that have come about in the field of language teaching and how they can be included in the teaching methods that people follow. The course is also excellent in improving critical thinking skills. 

Besides the Pedagogy of Teaching English certification syllabus covers various critical concepts like the pedagogy of interaction, paradigm shift in ELT, and the implication of multiple intelligences in a classroom. Participants learn about the pedagogy of reading, pronunciation, producing speech sounds, academic sounds, and the like. The course is also equipped with rich reading and study materials to enhance the knowledge of the candidate. 

The Pedagogy of Teaching English certification by Swayam is taught by Prof. V Sudhakar Venukapalli, who has 32 years of teaching experience. The course has numerous assignments and a final assessment to help candidates assess their learning and improve their critical thinking abilities. 

The four-credit Water Resources and Watershed Management MOOC is Osmania University, Hyderabad’s offering. This postgraduate programme mainly focuses on candidates of sciences and related disciplines while also being open to concerned citizens and water professionals. The course helps learners understand freshwater’s occurrence and availability, its uses, and water resources management related issues through an extensive curriculum.

The Water Resources and Watershed Management certification syllabus comprises 40 modules, introducing various techniques and tools for integrated water resource management. It also promotes life-long learning and familiarises aspirants professional practice’s codes and ethics in managing water resources. Students will also learn about Hydrology’s essentials, management tools for water resources and watersheds, water quality issues, and water resources’ environmental and societal aspects.

The 15-week Water Resources and Watershed Management programme also has MCQ quizzes every week, five internal assignments, and proctored exams. Clearing all these, students can obtain Osmania University’s credit transfer certificate and MoE’s curriculum certification. This course also features the university’s renowned professor, with ample experience to teach this subject fluidly.

Swayam has been started by the government of India to provide the necessary resources to students who do not have access to educational resources. Its aim is to achieve the three principles of education policy that is access, quality, and equity.

Advanced Constitutional Law course by Swayam has been built to provide the learners with an understanding of the various aspects of constitutional law. It is a full credit course for universities and 4 credit courses for law universities. Participants will learn the complexities of Indian constitutional law and how it has been shaped by the courts and the government. They will be given a comprehensive introduction to the different schools of thought on constitutional interpretation, principles such as federalism, rule of law, separation of powers, sovereignty, and the role of common law. 

They will be able to explore the current constitutional practices and historically important constitutional disputes. They will be trained to conduct advanced legal research and assess intricate legal information. This Advanced Constitutional Law training course by Swayam is apt for students/professionals who wish to gain knowledge about constitutional law or develop their careers in it. 

Also Read: Law Certification Courses

The Communication Technologies in Education course by Swayam provides knowledge to all participants on various communication technologies that are involved in educating an individual. Communication technologies are very important mainly in digital India as the new technologies help to lead our life in a comfortable manner. Therefore, it is necessary for all individuals to learn this course. This course begins with a description of basic models and media that are involved in communication. 

This course also speaks about different barriers to communication and provides solutions to communicate effectively. This course falls under the teacher education category. It provides a better understanding of data communication, network systems, internet tools, social networking sites, and recent trends in technologies in the communication field to the participants.  

It also provides details on concepts like e-learning, offline learning, and blended learning methodologies. Modern technologies like artificial intelligence and computer-aided learning are also taught by tutorials. This course concludes by revealing the role of CIET and NCERT in the development of technology. 

This course is taught by Dr. Balaji who works as an Associate Professor in the Department of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University. The whole course is for 15 weeks and contains 40 modules; it’s a course carrying 4 credits for students doing M.Sc. in Chemistry. The students will work on their procedural, factual, metacognitive, and conceptual knowledge, and use images, presentations, 3D-animations, white board demonstration, chemical structures, paper 3D-models, figures, tables, mirrors, use of molecular models, etc for scientific explanation.

The course also talks about various theories such as Malcom  Knowels Andragogy, Dick and Carey model,  the Feynman Technique, modified Bloom’s taxonomy, neuro slide design principles, ADDIE model,  etc. Doing this course will benefit PG students, young scientists, research scholars, and faculty members looking to enhance their knowledge in this field, it is also helpful for students taking competitive exams like CSIR-NET, SSC-CGL, IIT-JAM, GATE, various CET, UPSC, and SLET.

After completing this course the candidates job prospects will widen in various industries such as petrochemical, agro chemicals industries, perfume, pharmacy, and dye.